2.  Watson & Crick  Beedle & Tatum

3.  Processes:  Transcription (DNA to mRNA)  Translation (mRNA to protein)  Importance of location  Eukaryotes  Prokaryotes

4.  Review  Types of RNA in Gene Expression  mRNA (messenger)-provides code for protein  tRNA (transfer)-carries amino acids  rRNA (ribosomal)-directs translation

5.  Requires DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase ▪ Core enzyme + sigma factor = holoenzyme  Three forms in Eukaryotic Nuclei ▪ RNA Pol I –Pre-rRNA ▪ RNA Pol II**--Pre-mRNA ▪ RNA pol III –Pre-tRNA

6.  RNA recognizes region to be transcribed  Promotor regions ▪ TATA box ▪ CAAT box

7.  Complementary mRNA produced from DNA

8.  Often zones with high GC levels  Loop and release of mRNA  Protection  5’ capped with 7-methyl G  3’ tail polyadenylation

9.  Prokaryotic cells translate immediately into protein  Eukaryotic cells process mRNA before translation occurs  Cutting out Introns  Protecting transcript

10.  Splicing occurs by sequence  snRNA and snRNP (spliceosomes), and/or ribozymes (self-splicing enzymes)  Many different proteins can result from one transcript

12.  mRNA  Transcript  tRNA  Carrier for amino acids  Ribosomes  Two sub-units of protein with three pieces of RNA

13.  Codons- 3 nucleotide codes for amino acids  20 amino acides  64 codons  3 stop codons (UGA, UAA, UAG)  1 Start codon (AUG-methionine)  Each codon brings in a tRNA anti-codon that contributes one amino acid to the protein

14.  Small sub-unit of ribosome binds to mRNA  Methionine “start”  Large sub-unit of ribosome enters  Initiation factors involved

15.  Connection  Next tRNA enters  1 st tRNA “hands” amino acid to 2 nd tRNA, then leaves  Ribosome slides to free the next space  Continuation for length of protein  Elongation factors involved

17.  Stop Codon is reached  RF’s bind to stop codon  Protein is released  Ribosomal units disassociate

18.  Exploring factors influencing gene expression  Expression and repression of genes

19.  Brooker, R. J. (2011). Concepts of Genetics + Connect Plus Access Card. McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, New York, NY.  Brooker, R. J., (2012). Genetics: analysis and principles. 4th Ed. McGraw- Hill Higher Education, New York, NY.  King, M. D. (2013). The Medical Biochemistry Page. Retrieved from: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/home.html. http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/home.html.  McClean, P. E. (2013). Transcription. Retrieved from: http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc731/transcript/transcript1.ht m http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc731/transcript/transcript1.ht m  Unknown (2013). Three types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic nuclei. Retrieved from: http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb110/ZHOU/lec.5- 7.euk_trxn_apparatus.pdfhttp://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb110/ZHOU/lec.5- 7.euk_trxn_apparatus.pdf

20.  Cap & Tail http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/681/flashcards/894681/jpg/co ding1330783434942.jpg http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/681/flashcards/894681/jpg/co ding1330783434942.jpg  RNA Elongation http://limbiclab.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/limbic_lab_dna_transcripti on_diagram1.png http://limbiclab.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/limbic_lab_dna_transcripti on_diagram1.png  RNA Initiation http://9e.devbio.com/images/ch05/0503fig1.gifhttp://9e.devbio.com/images/ch05/0503fig1.gif  Processing http://www.genomebc.ca/glossary/Alternative%20Splicing%20(colourful )_Image.gif http://www.genomebc.ca/glossary/Alternative%20Splicing%20(colourful )_Image.gif  Translation Initiation http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/translation_initiation.jpg http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/translation_initiation.jpg  Translation Elongation http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/translation_elongation.jpg http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/translation_elongation.jpg  Translation Termination http://utminers.utep.edu/rwebb/assets/images/17.17_Termination_of_tra nsla.jpg http://utminers.utep.edu/rwebb/assets/images/17.17_Termination_of_tra nsla.jpg