1. { DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

2. History What is passed on from parents to offspring? Protein or DNA? DNA! What is the structure, what does it look like?

3. DNA Structure 1.Chargaff 1.Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins

4. Chargaff Rule

6. Franklin and Wilkins

8. Model of DNA Structure

9. Hydrogen Bonds Complementary base pairing

10. Nucleotide

11. Backbone Rungs

14. Replication Enzyme that unzips Helicase SSBP’s Single Stranded Binding Proteins Replication Video

15. DNA had a 5’ and 3’ side Antiparallel

16. Only add to 3’ side of the DNA molecule 5’ and 3’ ends

17. Enzyme adds Nucleotide to the 3’ end

18. How does so much DNA get copied? - Replication Bubbles - Replication fork

19. Primer Short sequence of RNA that is needed to begin DNA synthesis

20. DNA Polymerases DNA Polymerase III Only works by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the NEW strand Works in 5’  3’ direction DNA Polymerase I Removes RNA from Primer and adds DNA

22. Ligase- attaches Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand “Like Glue”

24. DO NOW

25.   http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/00724373 16/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html# http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/00724373 16/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html# McGraw Hill Website

27. Central Dogma DNA  RNA  Protein

29. Transcription

30. DO NOW 1. 3 ways DNA is different from RNA

32. Transcription 3 Steps 1.Initiation 2.Elongation 3.Termination

33. Initiation Promoter Region- beginning of a gene TATA Box - part of the promoter, upstream of the gene -sequence of T’s and A’s RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA

35. Elongation -RNA Polymerase – Only adds to the 3’ end of RNA -Antiparallel -Base pairing rules -U or Uracil instead of T -mRNA- messenger RNA

38. Termination Terminator Sequence- sequence of T’s in the DNA Terminator Sequence- sequence of T’s in the DNA Primary RNA transcript is released (pre-mRNA) Primary RNA transcript is released (pre-mRNA)

39. RNA Processing Primary RNA transcript( pre- mRNA), modified before it leaves the nucleus 5’ end G Cap- modified Guanine, tell its to go to the Ribosome 3’ end Poly A tail – inhibit degradation

41. RNA Processing Introns- parts of DNA that are not expressed between exons Exons - genes are expressed mRNA splicing- remove the intros - exons  exit as mature RNA transcript - expressed Splisosome- cuts the RNA and joins the exons

43. Translation 3 nucleotides in the mRNA is called a codon.

44. 20 amino acids Genetic Code- information encoded in genetic material translated into amino acid sequences 4 x 4 x 4= 64 One start and 3 stop signals

45. Universal

49. shape

50. Average Protein is 400 aa avg RNA ( exons) 1200

51. Translation- mRNA to protein tRNA ( transfer RNA)- transfer amino acids to a growing polypeptide Anticodon- complementary to the mRNA codon

52. 3 steps of Translation 1.Initiation 2.Elongation 3.Termination

53. - Bring together mRNA, tRNA, - ribosome ( small subunit) - Binds the 5’ cap - Start codon AUG – Met, Methionine - Then the large subunit - Antibiotics Translation- Initiation

55.  E site, P site, A site  First one tRNA P site, A site afterwards Translation- Elongation

57. Termination Translation ends when one of three stop codons, UAA, UAG, or UGA, enters the A site Ribosomes separate, polypeptide released

59. Mutations

60. Sickle Cell Anemia

61. http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/17-sickle-cell.html

63. 438-base sequence.

64. Can’t Carry Oxygen

66. Tay Sachs  Inherited genetic mutation  Gene codes for an enzyme that breaks down fatty acids  Build up of fatty acids in the brain http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/cracking-the-code-of-life.html

67. Mutation  Change in the nucleotide Sequence ( letters/bases) of a gene 1. Base Substitution ( can be bad or silent) 2. Base Addition/ Deletion- worse - alter group of 3 Affects the PROTEIN

68. Mutagens cause Mutations  Errors in DNA replication  Xray, UV light  Sometimes GOOD? How so?