1. Vertebrates

2. The Origin of Tetrapods  The first vertebrates on land were amphibians in the Devonian  May have arose from the rhipidistian (features) or a lungfish (DNA)

3. Origin of Tetrapods

5. Classification  Phylum: Chordata  Subphylum: Vertebrata  Superclass: Gnathostomata  Class: Amphibia –Order: Urodela (Salamanders) –Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads) –Order: Apodans (Caecilians)

6. Class: Amphibia  Two lives –refers to metamorphosis of many frogs  Skin smooth and moist (cutaneous respiration)  Three chambered heart with a double circulation system  Mesolecithal eggs with jelly-like membrane

7. Order: Urodela  400 species  Salamanders  Retain their tail as adults  Limbs are at right angles to the body  Carnivorous

8. Order: Anurans  3500 species  Frogs and Toads  Lose their tail as adults  Hind limbs are adapted for jumping  Tongue connected to front of mouth  Secrete mucus

9. Order: Apodans  150 species  Caecilians  Legless and blind

10. Evolution of the Amniotic Egg  Allows animals to complete their entire life cycle on land  Has shell that retains water (or is lost when kept inside mammals)  Specialized extraembryonic membranes (not part of the animal)

12. Evolution of the Amniotic Egg  Amnion - Protects from dehydration and mechanical shock  Yolk Sac - Nutrient storage  Albumin - Nutrient storage  Allantois - stores waste, gas exchange  Chorion - gas exchange

13. Amniotes

14. Amniotes

15. How Reptiles differ from Amphibians  Tough, dry skin  Amniotic egg  Crushing or gripping jaws  Copulatory organs  More efficient circulatory system with a higher blood pressure  More developed lungs (thoracic breathing)  Better water conservation  Better body support and limbs  Better nervous system

16. Classification  Phylum: Chordata  Subphylum: Vertebrata  Superclass: Gnathostomata  Class: Reptilia (not real) –Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises) –Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras) –Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) –Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators)

17. Reptile Radiation  Synapsids (therapsids) - led to mammals  Sauropsids –Anapsids (turtles) –Diapsids (all others)

19. Class: Testudines (Chelonia)  Evolved on land and returned to water (lay eggs on land)  Protective Shell –Carapace –Plastron

20. Class: Sphenodontia  Tuataras –Two living species (New Zealand) –Not a True Lizard (no external ears) –Very Primitive (similar to mesozoic reptiles –Well developed eye below skin?

21. Class: Squamata  Lizards –geckos, iguanas, skinks, chameleons  terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal  moveable eyelids  Paired copulatory organs  Lower jaw not attached to skull

22. Class: Squamata

26.  Snakes  Lack limbs  Lack moveable eyelids  Jacobson’s organ  Pit Vipers (heat)  Venom –neurotoxins –hemolytic enzymes

27. Class: Squamata

31. Feeding Adaptations  Teeth curved and pointed inward  Hinged Quadrate bone  Bones of jaw are attached by muscles and ligaments  Moveable palate  Elastic skin  No sternum

32. Class: Crocodilia  Largest living reptiles  Most closely related to dinosaurs  Complete secondary palate  Four chambered heart  Nest temperature

33. Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs  Dinosaurs –Ornithischian –Saurischian (closely related to birds)  Pterosaurs –flying reptiles

34. Class: Aves

35.  Feathers  Hollow Bones  Wings  Endotherm  Organs reduced  Beak without teeth  No bladder

36. Class: Aves  Wishbone – Called a Furcula made up of the fused clavicles.

37. Class: Aves  Muscles – –Pectoralis muscle pulls wing down –Supracoracoideus raises wing

38. The Origin of Birds  Feathers  Beak with teeth  Long Tail  Wing with claw

39. The Origin of Birds  Sinoauropteryx - protofeathers?  Caudipteryx - true feathers

40. Bird Classification  8600 species of bird (28 orders) –60% are passeriformes (perching birds)  Two major Types –Ratites  Ostriches, Emus –Carinates  Song birds

41. Class: Mammalia  Hair  Endothermic  Mammary glands  Live birth (2 exceptions)  Teeth differentiation  Jaw modified to incorporate bones into inner ear

42. The Evolution of the Mammal  Reptile’s lower jaw made up of several bones  Reptile’s middle ear made up of one bone  Mammal’s lower jaw made up of one bone  Mammal’s jaw joint has shifted  Mammal’s middle ear made up of three bones

43. Mammal Classification  Monotremes –lay eggs –no nipples

44. Monotreme

45. Mammal Classification  Marsupials –born early –develops in pouch

46. Marsupials

47. Marsupials

48. Mammal Classification  Placentals –Eutherian mammals –development in uterus joined by placenta

49. Proboscidea

50. Sirenia

51. Edentata

52. Rodentia

53. Lagomorpha

54. Carnivora

55. Artiodactyla

56. Cetacea

57. Perissodactyla

58. Chiroptera

59. Insectivora

60. Primate Evolution  Ancestral primate (arboreal) (65 mya) –binocular vision –opposable thumb  Prosimians –lemurs, tarsiers pottos

61. Primate Evolution  Ancestral primate (arboreal) (47 mya) –binocular vision –opposable thumb  “Ida” – Missing Link –No claws –Lack a tooth comb –Short limbs –Short face –Talus – corner of leg/foot

62. Primate Evolution  Anthropoids (50 mya) –Monkeys  Old World –External nares close together –Opposable thumbs –Calloused ischial tuberosities

63. Primate Evolution  Anthropoids (50 mya) –Monkeys  New World –Broad flat nasal septum –Nonopposable thumb –Prehensile tail

64. Primate Evolution  Hominoids (30 mya) –apes

65. Human Evolution  Brain Size  Jaw Size  Bipedalism  Reduced Size difference in sexes  Family Structure

66. Human Evolution  Sahelanthropus  (6.5 million years ago)

67. Human Evolution  Laetoli Footprints  (3.5 million years ago)

68. Human Evolution  Australopithecus  (3.24 million years ago)

69. Primate Evolution  Homo genus (2.4-1.6 mya) –Homo sapiens (200,000 years ago)

70. Primate Evolution  Neanderthals (40,000 years old)

71. Human Evolution  Turkana Boy (Homo ergaster)  (1.7 million years ago)  Between H. habilis and H. erectus

72. Origin of Modern Humans  Out of Africa (monogeneus) –all races of humans evolved from an ancestor in Africa  Multiregional –Each race evolved from regional populations of Homo erectus