1. Epidemiology of Oral cavity lesions

2. Oral health It is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing. Oral health is essential to general health and quality of life. It is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing. Oral health is essential to general health and quality of life.

4. Significance of oral lesions Oral lesions may be debilitating because they interfere with correct feeding and increase the risk of weight loss. Painful eating, swallowing and decreased appetite are signs. risk factors for oral diseases are also risk factors for four leading chronic diseases – cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes – so oral diseases are often linked to chronic disease. Oral lesions may be debilitating because they interfere with correct feeding and increase the risk of weight loss. Painful eating, swallowing and decreased appetite are signs. risk factors for oral diseases are also risk factors for four leading chronic diseases – cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes – so oral diseases are often linked to chronic disease.

5. Epidemiology Dental cavities Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities, often leading to pain and discomfort. Periodontal disease Severe periodontal (gum) disease, which may result in tooth loss, is found in 15–20% of middle-aged (35-44 years) adults. Tooth loss Dental cavities and periodontal disease are major causes of tooth loss. Complete loss of natural teeth is widespread and particularly affects older people. Globally, about 30% of people aged 65–74 have no natural teeth. Oro-dental trauma Across the world, 16-40% of children in the age range 6 to12 years old are affected by dental trauma due to unsafe playgrounds, unsafe schools, road accidents, or violence Oral ulcer Studies show average prevalence between 15% and 30%. More common in females and the most common is aphthous stomatits. Oral cancer The incidence of oral cancer ranges from one to 10 cases per 100 000 people in most countries. The prevalence of oral cancer is relatively higher in men, in older people, and among people of low education and low income. Dental cavities Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities, often leading to pain and discomfort. Periodontal disease Severe periodontal (gum) disease, which may result in tooth loss, is found in 15–20% of middle-aged (35-44 years) adults. Tooth loss Dental cavities and periodontal disease are major causes of tooth loss. Complete loss of natural teeth is widespread and particularly affects older people. Globally, about 30% of people aged 65–74 have no natural teeth. Oro-dental trauma Across the world, 16-40% of children in the age range 6 to12 years old are affected by dental trauma due to unsafe playgrounds, unsafe schools, road accidents, or violence Oral ulcer Studies show average prevalence between 15% and 30%. More common in females and the most common is aphthous stomatits. Oral cancer The incidence of oral cancer ranges from one to 10 cases per 100 000 people in most countries. The prevalence of oral cancer is relatively higher in men, in older people, and among people of low education and low income.

6. Risk factors Risk factors for oral diseases include an unhealthy diet, tobacco use, harmful alcohol use and poor oral hygiene, and social determinants. The prevalence of oral disease varies by geographical region, and availability and accessibility of oral health services. Risk factors for oral diseases include an unhealthy diet, tobacco use, harmful alcohol use and poor oral hygiene, and social determinants. The prevalence of oral disease varies by geographical region, and availability and accessibility of oral health services.

9. Mouth Ulcer Open sore inside the mouth, may be acute or chronic. Represent the most common oral lesions. Causes are idiopathic (aphthous) the most common type or pathological due to : 1.Trauma 2.Infections (bacterial {T.B and syphilis}, viral {herbes and HIV} and candidiasis) 3.Immune diseases (Behcet’s dis or Reiter’s syndrome) 4.neoplasm Open sore inside the mouth, may be acute or chronic. Represent the most common oral lesions. Causes are idiopathic (aphthous) the most common type or pathological due to : 1.Trauma 2.Infections (bacterial {T.B and syphilis}, viral {herbes and HIV} and candidiasis) 3.Immune diseases (Behcet’s dis or Reiter’s syndrome) 4.neoplasm

16. The most common oral neoplasm

17. Goals of Oral Health Program 2. Stabilize and preserve oral tissues 3.Restore oral function 4.Educate patient regarding maintenance 5.Facilitate maintenance of adequate nutrition 6.Contribute to self-esteem and quality of life 1.Treat pain, diagnose pathology, and eliminate sources of infection 2. Stabilize and preserve oral tissues 3.Restore oral function 4.Educate patient regarding maintenance 5.Facilitate maintenance of adequate nutrition 6.Contribute to self-esteem and quality of life 1.Treat pain, diagnose pathology, and eliminate sources of infection

18. Prevention and treatment The burden of oral diseases and other chronic diseases can be decreased by addressing common risk factors. These include: consuming fruit and vegetables that can protect against oral cancer stopping tobacco use and decreasing alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of oral cancers, periodontal disease and tooth loss using protective sports and motor vehicle equipment to reduce the risk of facial injuries; and safe physical environments. decreasing sugar intake. maintaining a well-balanced nutritional intake to prevent tooth decay and premature tooth loss. ensuring proper oral hygiene (mouth care) The burden of oral diseases and other chronic diseases can be decreased by addressing common risk factors. These include: consuming fruit and vegetables that can protect against oral cancer stopping tobacco use and decreasing alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of oral cancers, periodontal disease and tooth loss using protective sports and motor vehicle equipment to reduce the risk of facial injuries; and safe physical environments. decreasing sugar intake. maintaining a well-balanced nutritional intake to prevent tooth decay and premature tooth loss. ensuring proper oral hygiene (mouth care)

19. Mouth Care Involves the teeth, gums, palate and tongue Patients should be encouraged to: Brush teeth, at least twice/day or after meals; use soft toothbrush, replace every 1 – 2 months Use toothpaste that contains fluoride Floss after meals (be cautious with low platelet counts) Regularly use an alcohol – free mouthwash Patients should be instructed to clean dentures and partials as recommended by dentist. Involves the teeth, gums, palate and tongue Patients should be encouraged to: Brush teeth, at least twice/day or after meals; use soft toothbrush, replace every 1 – 2 months Use toothpaste that contains fluoride Floss after meals (be cautious with low platelet counts) Regularly use an alcohol – free mouthwash Patients should be instructed to clean dentures and partials as recommended by dentist.

20. Dental cavities can be prevented by maintaining a constant low level of fluoride in the oral cavity. Fluoride can be obtained from fluoridated drinking water, salt, milk and toothpaste, as well as from professionally- applied fluoride or mouth rinse. Long-term exposure to an optimal level of fluoride results in fewer dental cavities in both children and adults

21. Nutritional Status Promote healing with a diet high in protein and calories. The patient should eat multiple small amounts each day. Supplement meals with vitamins and minerals Avoid foods that are coarse, rough, acidic or spicy. Eat warm foods rather than hot. Cold or frozen foods such as pops, ice cream, and frozen yogurt are soothing and refreshing. Promote healing with a diet high in protein and calories. The patient should eat multiple small amounts each day. Supplement meals with vitamins and minerals Avoid foods that are coarse, rough, acidic or spicy. Eat warm foods rather than hot. Cold or frozen foods such as pops, ice cream, and frozen yogurt are soothing and refreshing.

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