1. Page 1 Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM) Sky Harbor Composite Squadron 301 AEO, 1LT Tom Lodge Rev June, 2002 CO Wing Boulder Composite Squadron AEO, SM Jim Garrard Rev Oct, 2006 Civil Air Patrol – Arizona Wing

2. Page 2 Introduction Part 1 - The Rich History of Air Power Part 2 - Principles of Flight & Navigation Part 3 - The Aerospace Community Part 4 - Air Environment Part 5 - Rockets Part 6 - Space Future Endeavors Testing Resources Agenda

3. Page 3 Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM) All Senior Members are responsible to become knowledgeable in aerospace education as one of the three basic foundations of CAP (ES, AE, CP) Self paced study based on text Aerospace: The Journey of Flight Open book or closed book, un-timed exam, passing 70% and correctable to 100% (online are open book) Charles E. “Chuck” Yeager Aerospace Education Achievement Award Approximately 8 hours, 3 to 5 evenings Text available online – eServices, click on link to Aerospace: The Journey of Flight Introduction

4. Page 4 Chap. 1- Introduction to Air Power Chap. 2- Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919 Chap. 3- The Golden Age: 1919-1939 Chap. 4- Air Power Goes to War Chap. 5- Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm Chap. 6- Advances in Aviation Part 1 The Rich History of Air Power

5. Page 5 Desire to fly dates back 4000 years - China Invented kite 100 BC, Gun Powder 900 AD, Rockets 1100 AD Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Artist, Architect, Man of Science First scientific experiments in field of aviation 160 pages of descriptions & sketches of flying machines 1st design of parachute and helicopter Wrote about principles of CG, CP, Streamlining Lighter-than-air: Balloons 1783 Montgolfier brothers first balloon experiment with sheep, rooster, duck (hot air balloon) Nov 21, 1783 - Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’Arlandes were first humans to fly lighter-than-air. Flight lasted 25 minutes and 5 miles. Dec 1, 1783 – J.A.C. Charles & passenger fly hydrogen balloon. Flight lasted 2 hours and 27 miles. First balloon flight in US: Jan 9, 1793 in Philadelphia 1st US military use in Civil War-observation, aerial reporting 1 Introduction to Air Power

6. Page 6 Dirigible: Lighter-than-air craft that can be propelled and steered Paul Haenlein - 1st dirigible powered by an internal combustion engine (powered by the coal gas inside the balloon) Ferdinand von Zeppelin - built and flew the world’s first rigid dirigible LZ-1. Developing the Airplane George Cayley – 1850, first successful manned glider. Also identified lift, drag and thrust and developed cambered wing. Francis H. Wenham – 1871, built first wind tunnel and to test wing shapes. Otto Lilienthal – “Father of modern aviation.” 1891-1896 made 2000 glider flights. His writings inspired other aviators. Samuel Pierpont Langley – Added an internal combustion engine to a copy of his successful glider and received Federal funding. Glider didn’t fly but 9 days later… 1 Introduction to Air Power

7. Page 7 Very secretive, didn’t publish their flights until 1906 Poor press, no enthusiasm No government interest until Teddy Roosevelt took a personal interest Contracted w/ Board of Ordnance & Fortifications to train 2 pilots Held Demonstration flights in France Sept 17, 1908- 1st death in powered aircraft (Orville Wright piloting, Lt. Thomas Selfridge died in crash (propeller failed) Wright Brothers First to achieve controlled, sustained, powered heavier than air flight. Learned from previous pioneers and observing birds in flight Utilized “wing-warping technique” for control Utilized gas powered engine; built gliders December 17, 1903-1st powered flight-120’ in 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C. Completed 3 flights that day, longest 852 feet, 59 seconds. 2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919

8. Page 8 Glenn Curtis turns from motorcycles to airplanes but uses aileron technology Develops first aircraft for sale Intense Patent litigation between Wright Brothers and Glenn Curtis slows aircraft advancement in U.S. AmericaEurope Frenchman Robert Esnault-Pelterie 1st aileron application and enclosed fuselage Alberto Santos-Dumont of Brazil flew 1st powered airplane in Europe 1906 (thought to be inventor of airplane until Write Bros. published their flights. Louis Bleriot-Built/flew 1st powered monoplane. 2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919

9. Page 9 Aviation Gains Recognition Vin Fiz Flyer - 1 st aircraft to fly across US coast to coast, built by Wright Bros, piloted by Calbraith Perry Rodgers (68 landings, 4251 miles in 49 days, not bad for 40hp but didn’t win Hearst’s $50,000 prize for a 30 day crossing). Harriet Quimby - 1 st licensed female pilot in US, 1911 Bessie Coleman – 1 st licensed Black female pilot in world, 1921 Louis Breguet - 1 st helicopter to lift man World’s 1 st regularly scheduled airline - St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat, 1914 World’s 1 st four engine aircraft, forerunner to today’s airliners – Igor Sikorsky, 1913 2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919

10. Page 10 World War IGen. Billy Mitchell Airplane not recognized as important at beginning WWI Germans had dirigibles as bombers (filled w/ hydrogen) Germans developed bombers Fighters developed to shoot down bombers Eddie Rickenbacker - American WWI ace-16 kills in 5 months. Only American flyer to receive Medal of Honor still alive at the end of WWI (also lived through WWII) US didn’t recognize aircraft as “game changer” - used English/French built aircraft Lafayette Escadrille - American group of flyers serving the French Curtiss JN-4 “Jenny” airplanes mass produced and used as trainers Recognized that the airplane is an offensive weapon Air service should be separate service than Army Air power can be effective against ground troops Warned of surprise attack on U.S. but was court-martialed for continuing to speak out about air power policies 2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919

11. Page 11 US Aviation after WW I US had built 15,000 airplanes during war (almost all were trainers) US front-line strength: 750 combat aircraft, 800 pilots 3 days after war ended, US gov’t cancelled $100M airplane contracts 175,000 workers laid off, production dropped 85%, military aviation cut 95% Barnstormers Ex-military pilots, flew to attract attention Most people in US had not seen an airplane 1st licensed African-American pilot - Bessie Coleman Billy Mitchell and airpower Air power could strike industrial targets, attack troop supply routes, shorten war Stressed importance of airpower in strategic warfare Sank the “unsinkable” Ostfriesland battleship Demolished by 2000 lb. bombs after unsuccessful attempts with lighter bombs Navy recognized importance and within 8 months had first aircraft carrier Organized 1st around the world flight with 4 Douglas World Cruisers - Boston, Chicago, Seattle, New Orleans 3 Golden Age 1919-1939

12. Page 12 National Air Races Schneider Trophy - seaplane race Pulitzer Trophy - 29 mile closed course Thompson Trophy - closed circuit “horserace style” Bendix Trophy Race - West coast to Cleveland – 1931 Famous early racers – Curtiss, Doolittle, Cochran Air Mail First service by US Post Office May 15, 1918 between Washington DC and New York City. May 20, 1926 - Air Commerce Act, first attempt to regulate commercial aviation President Roosevelt signed Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 creating Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) - one independent agency to regulate law and safety 1st non-stop Atlantic crossing July 1919-John Alcock and Arthur Brown (Vimy IV) St. Johns Newfoundland to Ireland 16 hrs, 1980 miles. 1st solo non-stop Atlantic crossing May 20, 1927 - Charles Lindbergh in the Spirit of St. Louis, built by Ryan Aircraft 3 Golden Age 1919-1939

13. Page 13 Aviation Grows Commercial ventures – Travel Air Mfg Co (Lloyd Stearman, Clyde Cessna, Walter Beech) School for Aeronautics founded in 1926 at New York University First successful blind take-off and landing – Jimmy Doolittle, 1929 First successful helicopter – Igor Sikorsky, 1939 Commercial Aviation Matures Air Mail Act of 1925 – amended in 1930 to help spawn new advances in commercial aircraft and provide incentives for carriers to also carry passengers. Transcontinental and Western Airlines and American Airways given new mail routes. Boeing develops the 247, the first all metal airliner. Douglas counters with DC series (DC-3 most famous). Seaplanes developed to traverse large open water distances (Clipper’s built by Sikorsky, Martin and Boeing) 3 Golden Age 1919-1939

14. Page 14 Dirigibles Very successful due to large crew and passenger capabilities and comforts and long flight durations. Hydrogen gas compromised safety (Hindenburg). U.S. Navy used helium gas dirigibles to patrol coasts. Possibility of War U.S. aircraft lagging behind Europe in development (still used bi-planes as front line fighter/escorts). Civilian air transports were used as the base for successful military transports and bombers. Only one military pilot training base. Hap Arnold devises plan to use civilian training to teach basic flight, many trained in Piper Cubs. Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP) established in 1939 to train pilots through the private certificate (name changed to War Training Service in 1942 and over 300,000 pilots were trained by 1944). CPTP opened the door for African-American aviators and eventually the Tuskegee Airman. 3 Golden Age 1919-1939

15. Page 15 Germany had terrible losses in WWI from trench warfare Blitzkrieg - “lightning war” combination of army and air forces Germany focused on small/medium sized aircraft to support Blitzkrieg tactics Allies (US, England, France) had cut back aircraft production - weakened air power New Type of War Germany Advances Battle of Britain August 1940 Luftwaffe focused on gaining control of air over Britain Germany did not have long range bombers Britain focused on defensive warfare with fighters Britain used radar Britain won by having the right aircraft for battle 1939 – Germany invades Poland then Great Britain and France declare war Italy & Germany attack western Africa Axis invaded Greece, Russia Russia used heavy defenses including woman pilots and aircraft “tank killers” for combat sorties. Germany forces spread too thin on 3 fronts 4 Air Power Goes to War

16. Page 16 Centralize control of air forces Gain air superiority - attack airfields, aircraft Interdiction - cripple enemy supplies Close ground support - bomb enemy troops Hitler defeated in North Africa Lessons in North Africa US Enters WWII December 7, 1941 - Japanese attack Pear Harbor, Hawaii. Purpose was to cripple the US naval fleet but failed to destroy U.S. aircraft carriers. Allied strategy - Defensive to offensive Recapture territory occupied by Germany & Japan Force both Germany & Japan to unconditional surrender European campaign had priority over Pacific Focus on strategic bombing 4 Air Power Goes to War

17. Page 17 US declared war on Germany/Axis 12/11/41 8th Air Force formed in 1/42, 8/42 1st bombing mission US strategy-precision daytime bombing (heavy losses until development of long rang fighters RAF strategy-Night blanket operations 6/6/44 - Normandy invasion 5/7/45 - Germany surrenders 5/8/45 - (VE Day) All official operations end Japan rapidly advancing throughout the pacific 1942 -Battle of Coral Sea & Midway-entirely by airpower, no surface ship engagement Established strategy for subsequent naval battles Stopped advance of Japan 4/42 Doolittle Raid on Tokyo (B-25) 8/6/45 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima (B-29) 8/9/45 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki (B-29) 8/15/45 Japan surrenders 9/2/45 (VJ Day) Japan signs surrender on board USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay Airplane became prominent weapon of war Aircraft carrier became primary naval weapon 20 Million killed, 4 million civilians Warfare-no one wins or loses Sensible solution is to prevent war rather than fight one. Pacific Lessons Learned Europe 4 Air Power Goes to War

18. Page 18 Aviation Advances British and Germans invent jet propulsion and create operational jet fighters. Germany creates rocket powered aircraft, missiles and JATO (jet assisted take off). U.S. creates jet fighter prototype but concentrates on bomber and piston fighter production. Jet does not become operational before end of war. First successful military rescue helicopter – Sikorsky R-4. Advances in radar and radar jamming. Advances in radio navigation. 4 Air Power Goes to War

19. Page 19 Air Corps cutbacks from 2,125,000 (9/45) to less than 900,000 (1/46) and then 300,000 by 1947. Air Corps separated from Army by National Security Act on July 26, 1947. General Carl Spaatz becomes first Chief of Staff of the USAF. New roll for Air Force – Nuclear Deterrence Strategic Air Command (SAC) created Handful of B-29’s and few atom bombs B-36 entered service in 1948 (designed in 1941, could carry 10,000 pounds of bombs for 10,000 miles) Postwar Activities From the Cold War to Desert Storm Political Climate Postwar years (after WWII) were called the “Cold War.” The former Axis conquests liberated by the Soviet Union were under their control and established communist forms of government whereas lands liberated by the Allies were established as republics. Soviet Union tried to spread communism, US tried to stop it. Antagonistic relationship, not a “hot” war (U.S. and Soviet Union did not want direct conflict). Cold War shaped many developments in aviation. Aircraft and weapons were created to counter real or perceived threats between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. 5 Aviation:

20. Page 20 Korean War 6/25/50 North Korea invaded S. Korea-ended 7/53 1st Priority to stop advance of N. Korean Army U.N. sends troops with U.S. as lead. Air power helps keep U.N. forces in Korea until more troops arrive. 1st all jet battle - F-80 shot down MIG-15 Lessons learned: atomic arsenal not enough to prevent war, multiple levels of conflict From the Cold War to Desert Storm Berlin Airlift Soviet Union blocks all surface supply routs to East Berlin to get allies to leave city. West Berlin needs 4500 tons of supplies per day to survive. Airlift started with 105 C-47’s and 54 C-54’s (C-47 could carry 3.5 tons and C54 could carry 10 tons) and expanded to 319 C-54’s and 150 British planes. Airlift lasted almost one year and resulted in 12,940 tons of supplies delivered by 1,398 flights per day for a total of 1,750,000 tons total. 5 Aviation:

21. Page 21 From the Cold War to Desert Storm Commercial Aviation Developments Wartime improvements to instrumentation, navigation and increased safety make their way to commercial aircraft. More and better pilots and weather forecasting improve commercial airline traffic. Douglas DC-3 (C-47), DC-4 (C-54) and Lockheed Constellation (C-69) are converted to airliners. Bigger, faster, more comfortable DC-6, DC-7 and Super Constellation follow. DeHavilland Comet becomes first commercial jet. General Aviation Developments Cessna introduces high wing all metal aircraft (C- 120, G-140) in 1946. Piper continues production of popular Cub but adds an all metal low wing model (Skysedan, forerunner to the Cherokee) Beech produces its Model 18 after the war and introduces the Model 35 Bonanza (all metal low wing) in 1947. Cessna, Piper and Beech are the “Big 3” and others (Mooney, Rockwell, Maule) follow. 5 Aviation:

22. Page 22 Research & Development Bell X-1 1st plane to exceed Mach 1 10/14/47 Chuck Yeager Douglas D558-II 1st plane to exceed Mach 2 11/20/53 Scott Crossfield Douglas X-3 High speed flight materials & aerodynamics testing Never exceeded speed of sound (not enough power in jet engine) Northrop X-4 Tailless research Led to XB-35, YB-49 and B-2 stealth bomber Bell X-2 Swept wing research 1st plane to exceed Mach 3 9/27/56 Milburn Apt Bell X-5 Variable geometry wing research Led to F-111, F-14, B-1 The X-Planes: X-1 to X-5 Jay Miller From the Cold War to Desert Storm 5 Aviation:

23. Page 23 Fighter Developments X Plane program leads to quick advances in fighters and bombers. F-100 Super Sabre first production supersonic fighter (1953) Between 1953 and 1956, six different “Century Series” supersonic fighters introduced (F-100 Super Sabre, F-101 Voodoo, F-102 Delta Dagger, F-104 Starfighter, F-105 Thunderchief, F-106 Delta Dart. From the Cold War to Desert Storm Bomber Developments Swept Wing technology makes its way into bomber designs. Boeing B47 Stratojet first all jet bomber (1951) but with only a 3000 mile range. Boeing followed up with the B-52 Stratofortress in 1952 (10,000 mile range). Convair B-58 Hustler (1960) was first supersonic bomber (Ma 2.1) 5 Aviation:

24. Page 24 Vietnam Conflict Americas Longest War - 25 years Phase I-1950-1954-Aid and advisors for French Phase II 1954-1964-French defeated, troops sent to train S. Vietnamese Phase III-1964-1969-US Naval ships attacked. 8/64 Tonkin Gulf Resolution- empowered Johnson “take all necessary measures to repel armed attack against forces of US and prevent further aggression.” Operation Rolling Thunder: 1965-1968 3 year bombing campaign to force N. Vietnam to surrender. Limited targets Operation Linebacker I & II (1972) President Nixon’s method to get N. Vietnam to negotiate. Linebacker II was the only true strategic bombing campaign of Vietnam War Phase IV-1969-1975-Nixon withdrew troops, Saigon captured by N. Vietnamese in 1975. From the Cold War to Desert Storm 5 Aviation:

25. Page 25 Cold War Advances Arms race lead to better aircraft and weapons. U.S. outspent Soviet Union on aerospace advances. Fall of Berlin Wall and collapse of Soviet Union in 1989 spelled the end of the Cold War. From the Cold War to Desert Storm Iraq invades Kuwait in dispute over oil and outstanding loans (1990). Massive deployment of aircraft immediately sent to Saudi Arabia (non-stop, mid-air refueled flights) U.N. coalition forces mobilized. First deployment of the Civil Air Reserve Fleet (commercial airliners and cargo jets). WWII/Korea/Vietnam lessons helped planning. Initial air strikes target communication, SAM & RADAR sights, industries, supply lines. Ground war lasts only 100 hours. Desert War 5 Aviation:

26. Page 26 Aeronautical Research X-15 joint USAF, Navy, NASA program to build aircraft to fly 4500 mph at 250k feet. XB-70-Mach 3 high altitude supersonic bomber prototype to replace B-52 Composite materials-Strong, lightweight, non-metallic Oblique wing-Pivoting wing-optimum lift under different circumstances Winglets-Reduce vortices off wingtips reducing drag Canards-Horizontal surfaces forward of main wing Supercritical wing-Delay point at which air reaches supersonic speeds, delaying increased drag. Forward-swept wing: X-29 Military Advancements U-2: High altitude reconnaissance SR-71: Mach 3+ high altitude reconnaissance B-1B: Low altitude, high speed strategic bomber F-117 Nighthawk: 1st stealth fighter- bomber B-2: Stealth bomber 6 Advances In Aeronautics

27. Page 27 Civil Jet Aviation-the Beginning 1 st commercial jet DeHavilland Comet (failed due to metal fatigue) 1 st successful commercial jet Boeing 707, 1957 Douglas’ answer to 707, the DC-8 Defined global air travel through the 1960’s Short/medium range: 727, DC-9, 737 737 most produced jetliner in history 6 Advances In Aeronautics

28. Page 28 Civil Aviation-The Wide body’s 1st wide-body and largest commercial aircraft in service - Boeing 747, 1968 Douglas entered with DC-10 tri-jet Lockheed entered with L-1011 tri-jet Airbus enters with A-300 twinjet First supersonic transport: Concorde The advanced twins: 757, 767 DC-9 grows into MD-80 Airbus enters the narrow body market with A320 6 Advances In Aeronautics

29. Page 29 Civil Aviation-Modern Transports of the 1990’s Boeing MD-11, 777, 737-700 series Airbus A330, A340 Civil Aviation-The Future…. Boeing Sonic Cruiser Airbus A380 (will be larger than 747) 6 Advances In Aeronautics