1. AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT III Introductory Psychology: Developmental Psychology Topic: Prenatal Development

2. PART ONE Developmental Psychology: Prenatal Development “I felt like a man trapped inside of a woman’s body…and then I was born…”

3. Prenatal Development: Conception Conception  A single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell, otherwise known as a zygote  Your most fortunate of moments…  Out of the 200 million sperm & 5,000 eggs, yours won the race!!

4. Prenatal Development: Conception

5. The first known photo of Michael Phelps…

6. Prenatal Development: Stages Prenatal Development The period that extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy General Overview  Zygote: conception to 2 weeks  Embryo: 2 weeks to 8 weeks  Fetus: 9 weeks to birth

7. Prenatal Development: Stages The Germinal Stage (#1)  The phase encompassing the two weeks following conception  During this period… The zygote moves towards the uterus; begins to implant in the lining Placenta & umbilical cord begin to form Cells begin to differentiate  ***Less than half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks…

10. Prenatal Development: Stages The Embryonic Stage (#2)  The phase lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month  Once the developing organism firmly attaches to the uterus, it is called an embryo  During this period… Major organs & structures begin to develop  By the end of this period… Embryo is 1-inch long Has primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms & legs Heart beat

11. Embryo at 40 days (approximately 6 weeks) Embryo at 45 days (approximately 7 weeks)

13. Prenatal Development: Stages The Fetal Stage (#3)  The phase lasting from two months through birth  Eight weeks after fertilization the embryo becomes a fetus  During this period… The fetus experiences tremendous growth The muscles begin to contract The baby moves into position

15. PART TWO Developmental Psychology: Prenatal Factors

16. Prenatal Factors: Critical Periods Critical Periods  Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant  In terms of STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, most critical periods occur during the embryonic stage

18. Prenatal Factors: Critical Periods Teratogens  Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

19. Teratogenic AgentEffect on Development RubellaBlindness; deafness; heart defects; brain damage MarijuanaIrritability; nervousness; tremors CocaineDecreased height; low birth weight; respiratory problems; learning difficulties; seizures AlcoholFAS (mental retardation, delayed growth, facial malformation); learning difficulties; smaller than normal head size NicotineMiscarriage; low birth weight; stillbirth; short stature; mental retardation; learning disabilities MercuryMental retardation; blindness SyphilisMental retardation; deafness; meningitis CaffeineMiscarriage; low birth weight RadiationHigher incidence of cancers; physical deformities Water TemperatureIncreased chance of neural tube defects

20. Prenatal Factors: Critical Periods

21. PART THREE Developmental Psychology: The Newborn

22. The Newborn Baby aka NEONATE I WANT BACK IN!

23. The Newborn: Assessment Assessment Scoring System  Activity (muscle tone dealing with spontaneous movement)  Pulse (heart rate)  Grimace (reflex irritability; cries, pulls away, coughs, etc.)  Appearance (skin color)  Respiration (breathing – a good, healthy cry) Score between 0-10

24. The Newborn: Reflexes Rooting Reflex  A newborn’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth & search for the nipple Sucking Reflex  A newborn’s tendency to suck on objects that are placed in mouth

26. The Newborn: Reflexes Grasping Reflex  A newborn’s tendency to close fist around anything placed in their hand Stepping Reflex  A newborn’s tendency to make stepping motions when held upright Startle (Moro) Reflex  A newborn’s tendency to throw head back, extend arms/legs, cry & bring arms/legs back in when startled

27. The Newborn: Sensory Development Well-to-fully developed at birth  Touch (skin-to-womb contact)  Smell (mother’s milk v. imposter’s milk)  Taste (preference for sweet) Less developed at birth  Hearing (fluids; most responsive to high & low-pitches)  Vision (rods are well-developed, cones are not)  Depth Perception (The “Visual Cliff”)

28. The Newborn: Sensory Development

29. The Newborn: Cognitive Development Habituation  Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation  As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they will look away sooner  Infants pay more attention to new objects than habituated ones  Demonstrates learning