1. Assignment Report ON BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES SUBMITTED DURING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT BSNL DURG Under the Guidance of Mr. S.K.SHARMA(J.T.O) Submitted by 1.SUPRIYA JAIPAL 2.NEETIKA YADU 3. NUPUR

2. WHAT IS BROADBAND ? TRAI defines broadband as follows: - An ‘always-on’ data connection that is able to support interactive services including Internet access.The term broadband commonly refers to high- speed Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access. In contrast, broadband describes a communication system in which information is transported across a single channel. Broadband refers to a communication bandwidth of at least 256kb/s

3. BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES

4. DSL DSL (Digital Subsciber’s Line)is a wireline transmission technology that transmits data faster over traditional copper telephone lines already installed to homes and businesses.  Types of DSL  Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) – Used primarily by residential customers, such as Internet surfers, who receive a lot of data but do not send much, provides faster speed in the downstream direction than the upstream direction.  Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) – Used typically by businesses for services such as video conferencing, which need significant bandwidth both upstream and downstream.  High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)  Very High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). WIRED LINE

5. CABLE MODEM: CABLE MODEM: Cable modem service enables cable operators to provide broadband using the same coaxial cables that deliver pictures and sound to your TV set.. PLC PLC: PLC also called Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) or Power Line Telecoms (PLT), is a wireline technology that is able to use the current electricity networks for data and voice transmission. The carrier can communicate voice and data by superimposing an analog signal over the standard 50 or 60 hz alternating current. FIBER: FIBER: Fibre optic technology converts electrical signals carrying data to light and sends the light through transparent glass fibres about the diameter of a human hair.

6. SATELLITE SATELLITE: Satellite Broadband is another form of wireless broadband, and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas. BLUETOOTH : BLUETOOTH : It is a Wireless Technology used for short range applications ( about 10 meters) namely in Personal Area Networks(PAN). It operates on 2.4 GHz band with 1 Mbps speed. 3G : 3G : Cellular mobile telephony has started maturing in delivering data access over the air. The evolution of cellular mobile telephony has taken place in following steps: 2G – GSM, CDMA 2.5G – GSM(GPRS/EDGE), CDMA 2000 1x 3G – UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA 2000 1xEVDO/EVDV WIRELESS

7. WI-FI - WI-FI - was intended to allow mobile devices, such as laptop computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs) (PDAs) to connect to local area networks The access point built into a typical Wi-Fi home router might have a range of 45 m (150 ft) indoors and 90 m (300 ft) outdoors. WIMAX WIMAX covers wider, metropolitan or rural areas. It can provide data rates up to 75 megabits per second (Mbps) per base station with typical cell sizes of 2 to 10 kilometers.

8. FSO FSO is optical, wireless, point-to-point, line-of-sight broadband technology that is an alternative to fiber optic cable systems without expense of fiber. Speed is comparable to fiber optic transmissions and transmits up to 1.25 Gbps at distance of 4 miles (6.4 kilometers) in full-duplex mode. LMDS i LMDS is a broadband wireless access technology that uses microwave signals operating between the 26GHz and 29GHz bands. It is a point to multipoint service, hence is typically deployed for access by multiple parties Satellite broadband offers two-way Internet access via satellites orbiting the earth about 22,000 miles above equator.

9. advantageS & DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES Rapid loading of web pages and e-mail (as much as 100 times faster) Equally fast downloading of files, programs, and computer updates. More efficient delivery of photos and other large e-mail attachments. More efficient use of time online -- no more waiting for pages to load & no more dropped telephone signals! DISADVANTAGES Speeder broadband connections cost twice as much as a dial up connections, this can b reduced if already have separate phone line Security concerns arise when the computer is on most of the time, there might b possibility that someone might access the computer. Many security features are available in the market to overcome this issue. Broadband connection increase the speed capability of the internet. Speed is also depend on the IP servers. If the server is slow, speed connection will suffer.

10. REQUIREMENT AT CUSTOMER END BSNL’s BFone Computer of minimum configuration, with 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Card DSL Modem + Splitter PPPoE software to be loaded in the Client Broadband Account (Username and Password)

11. BROADBAND COMPONENTS Customer Premises Equipment(CPE) Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) LAN Switches: for aggregating DSLAM Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) RADIUS and LDAP (SSSC) Provisioning System

12. CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT (CPE) CPE(ADSL MODEM) can be utilized in two different ways 1. T ransparent Bridge – In this mode we need to configure PPPoE in the customer’s PC and modem simply passes Ethernet frames from one side to other side in transparent fashion. Customer’s PC authenticates itself with BRAS 2. R outer Mode- In this mode PPPoE is configured in modem. Modem authenticates itself to BRAS and gets IP address. Modem provides different address from its DHCP server to PC. Modem also performs the NAT function in this mode.

13. CPE Installation BRAS CPE PPPoE Session T2 Switch T1 Switch BRAS CPE PPPoE Session T2 Switch T1 Switch Bridge Mode DSLAM IP Address is allocated to PC By BRAS Router Mode IP Address is allocated to CPE By BRAS IP Address is allocated to PC By CPE NAT DSLAM If a user is allowed to login multiple sessions with BRAS with same password, every machine establishes a separate PPPoE Session with BRAS. Every machine Gets full bandwidth for that account provided CPE - DSLAM Link supports that. In this mode PPPoE is configured on CPE and only One session is established between CPE and BRAS. CPE gets IP Address from BRAS. DHCP in CPE Allocates IP addresses to machines. In this case all The machines share the bandwidth allowed for that Account. CPE has to do NAT also.

14. Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM)  A D IGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE ACCESS MULTIPLEXER (DSLAM) is a network device, often located in the telephone exchange of the telecommunications operators.  It connects multiple customer D IGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital communications channel using multiplexing techniques. TThe DSLAM equipment collects the data from its many modem ports and aggregates their voice and data traffic into one complex composite "signal" via multiplexing.

15. MULTIPLEXING A device that can send several signals over a single line. They are then separated by a similar device at the other end of the link. This can be done in a variety of ways: time division multiplexing frequency division multiplexing

16.  TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing.

17.  FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING In telecommunication, frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a technique by which the total bandwidth available in a communication medium is divided into a series of non-overlapping frequency sub- bands, each of which is used to carry a separate signal.

18. CONCLUSION  With the advent of new technologies in the field of communication, the broadband technology offers viz. High Speed Internet, Video Conferencing, Telemedicine, Video on Demand,Internet Radio, Instant messaging, etc.  It supports interactive and switched two way transmission also.  Fixed broadband wireless networks are helping users meet the growing need for broadband wireless access at hotspots and beyond, while broadband mobile technologies are expected to enable broadband wireless network access for highly mobile users.