1. Gas exchange in leaves Aqa book p182-3

2. Homework Green and Red q p.179 Green and red p.183

3. Objectives How do plants exchange gases? What is the structure of dicotyledonous plant leaf? How is the leaf adapted for efficient gas exchange

4. Cell structure of a leaf The palisade cells are in the uppermost layers of the leaf epidermis palisade cell ( photosynthesis) vessel (carries water) stoma (admits air)

6. Label your diagram Waxy cuticle Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll

7. What is the structure of dicotyledonous plant leaf and how do plants exchange gases? 1.Label your diagram with colour to show the passage of gases from page 183 2.By which process does carbon dioxide move into a leaf? 3.List the features by which a leaf is adapted for efficient gas exchange. 4.The leaves are sometimes called the lungs of a plant. Give some reasons why this is true/false

8. Leaves like lungs? Yes Site of gas exchange Leaf flat, air spaces between spongy cells so large surface area for gas exchange Permeable so moist No Leaves do not ventilate No blood supply Concentration gradient not maintained in the same way

9. Compensation point…

10. Stomata Minute pores usually on lower epidermis. Why needed? Why on lower leaf? Name a plant where they are on the upper epidermis…

11. Why are stomata on the underside of leaves? Less solar radiation Less wind Therefore less water loss

12. How do guard cells work? When the cell is turgid the uneven cellulose cell wall causes it to become curved so it opens the pore When the cell is flaccid the cell is not curved and the pore closes Draw fig3 a and b page 183 Add to top - they close in dark/wilting and cells will be flaccid Add to bottom – open in light for gas exchange cells turgid

13. How do guard cells work? Light causes guard cell chloroplasts to photosynthesise Photosynthesis produces glucose Lowers water potential so water moves in by osmosis Guard cells become turgid so opens stoma This is not the whole story…

14. Observation of leaf sections Privet slides

16. Gas Exchange in The Leaf The spongy mesophyll layer of the leaf, with its large air spaces and thin-walled cells is the principal gas exchange surface within the leaf The spongy mesophyll layer is in close contact with numerous pores or stomata, across which gases enter and leave the leaf along steep concentration gradients

17. air space spongy mesophyll layer waxy cuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll layer lower epidermis guard cells stoma xylem vessel

18. Leaf blades display a large surface area and are very thin; the depth of the leaf is extremely small, providing a system that offers short diffusion paths for the exchange of gases; leaves are held outwards from the parent plant allowing for air movements to maintain the gaseous diffusion gradients between the inside and outside of the leaves

19. The cells of the spongy mesophyll layer are loosely packed, creating numerous air spaces that provide a large surface area for gas exchange Gases dissolve in the film of water that covers the saturated walls of the mesophyll cells, and are exchanged between the cells and the intercellular air spaces Gases diffuse into and out of the intercellular spaces through numerous tiny pores called stomata

20. loosely packed cells with many air spaces thin, permeable cell walls air space

21. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of the leaf through the stomata along their concentration gradients The concentration gradients for these gases is dependent upon their concentration within the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll layer which, in turn, is dependent on the rates of cellular respiration and photosynthesis

22. Gas exchange at night is concerned only with the process of respiration As the mesophyll cells respire, oxygen is taken up into the cells from the intercellular spaces, and carbon dioxide is released Oxygen concentrations, within the intercellular spaces, fall below that of the air surrounding the leaf thereby creating a concentration gradient that maintains a continual flow of oxygen into the leaf throughout the night Carbon dioxide concentrations, within the intercellular spaces, increase as respiration proceeds; carbon dioxide diffuses out of the leaf along its concentration gradient

23. Gas exchange during the day is concerned with both photosynthesis and respiration Under ideal conditions, the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of respiration for most of the daylight hours Carbon dioxide gas, produced by the respiring cells, is used in the process of photosynthesis, and the oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used in the process of respiration As photosynthetic rates generally exceed respiratory rates, then the demand for carbon dioxide gas by photosynthesising cells is greater than that supplied by respiration; carbon dioxide levels in the intercellular spaces is lower than that in the mesophyll cells and the gas diffuses into the cells

24. Gas exchange during the day is concerned with both photosynthesis and respiration The continuous removal of carbon dioxide, from the intercellular spaces into the photosynthesising cells, maintains a concentration gradient that results in the diffusion of this gas from the surrounding air into the leaf In a similar way, the oxygen generated by photosynthesis exceeds the respiratory demand of the mesophyll cells; the oxygen concentration in the intercellular spaces exceeds that of the surrounding air, and oxygen diffuses out of the leaf along its concentration gradient

25. Large surface area to volume ratio of the leaf blades, together with the large surface area provided by the numerous air spaces within the mesophyll layer, maximise diffusion rates Steep concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide are maintained by the diffusion of these gases into and out of the mesophyll cells as photosynthesis and respiration proceed; the large numbers of stomata provide a system that links the internal air spaces with the external atmosphere, allowing for gas exchange with the environment Leaves are held out into the atmosphere by their supporting stalks, allowing for air movements to increase diffusion gradients across the stomata The short diffusion path is the result of the thin, permeable cell walls of the spongy mesophyll cells together with the short depth of the mesophyll layer in contact with the external environment