2.  Irish Potato Famine  Potato introduced in 17 th Cen.  Irish adopt it as staple crop  Reliance on it for trade and life  1845 Famine hits  Crops turn black  Mass starvation  British no help  Leads to mass migration  Australia and US

3.  US Immigration 1830-1860  In 1800 US population was 5.3 million  By 1860 it was 31.5 million  Between 1830-1860 550,000 new immigrants arrived in the US  Most were Irish and German  Why? War and…

4.  Anti-Irish  Large influx in such a short of time drew a lot of ire  Catholics  Depicted as drunk, lazy  Many pictures showed them apish, brutish, and usually poor  Would be a focal point of the Nativists

5.  Urban Growth  Irish filled the eastern cities  Unskilled labor  Problems  Housing, food, crime  Germans filled the northwest  Farming or businesses further west  Think Coors!!!

6.  Growth The US: 1789The US: 1845

7.  Pro-Immigration  Industry  Cheap labor  Land Speculators  Expand population in west  Open new markets  Politicians  Increased population, especially in the west, meant statehood and votes

8.  Nativism  Growing anti-immigrant movement  Socially inferior  Drove down wages  Morally corrupt  Catholics!!!  Native-American Party  Growth of secret organizations like “Know- Nothings” lead to party affiliation and creation of American Party  Will remain and be adopted by future Republican Party

9.  Transportation and Communication Boom!!!

10.  Steamboat  Rivers became vastly more important  Importance of steamboats increase  Carried goods from farm to market  Also leisure travel thus boats got bigger and more lavish

11.  Canal System  Before: Road system terrible  Ruts and dangers made travel and commerce not feasible  Turnpikes: tools made it difficult for farmers  After  Travel was a bit safer  Canals connect rural farmers to larger East coast markets  Growth of small towns and canal ports

12.  Erie Canal  Began July 4, 1817 and completed in Oct. 1825  Largest construction project US had taken before then  Connected Albany, NY with Erie  Economic BOOM  Tolls paid for it within 7 years  Helped to establish NY City as America’s economic center  Still active, but mostly for tourism

13.  Railroad  1804 saw the invention of tracks and steam engines  Early R.R. were small and lost to canal competition  Post 1840 saw a boom in R.R. construction  Post 1860 would see the R.R. come to supplant canals and dominate American transportation

14.  Telegraph  1844 Samuel F.B. Morse invents the telegraph  Marriage with telegraph lines and R.R. would connect America like never before  1860 50,000 miles of line  1861 connection between NY and San Francisco  1862 consolidation into the Western Union Telegraph Company

15.  Journalism  1846 Richard Hoe invents the Rotary Steam Press  Increase speed and lowers price of papers  Creation of the Associated Press  Press would be a unifying and dividing force  Unifying: Connects all parts of America  Dividing: Rancor and divisions now more prevalent

16.  Industrial American North

17.  Cottage Industry  Also known as “Putting- out System”  Most finished goods came from this prior to 1830  Home based  Pick hours  Safety  Goods sent to market and wages based on output

18.  Cottage Con’t  The System  Manufacturer pays home worker  Home worker sews goods  Sent to finisher  Sent to cleaner  Sent to manufacturer  Sent to market

19.  Corporate America  Before 1830  Corporations could only gain charter through state legislators  Long and costly  Post 1830  States removed restrictions  Opened doors for investment

20.  Factories  Before 1820 most manufacturing done in homes  Growth of work force, interchangeable parts, technology, and capital opens way for factory system

21.  Lowell System  Lowell Mass. was center of textile manufacturing  Relied exclusively on unmarried women  System: Paternalistic  Good pay for the time  Lived in boarding houses  Well fed  Strict curfews  Required to attend church

22.  Decline of Lowell  Work  Long and tedious  Restrictions  Women + Money= ?  Competition  Immigrant work force made other factories more competitive  Lowell joins in

23.  Master/Apprentice  The Master/Apprentice system would be challenged by changes in industry  Master teaches the apprentice; known as journeyman until skilled enough to be called apprentice: 3-15 yrs  Apprentice takes skills, opens own shop (or takes over) and continues process  Deskilling of labor makes Master/Apprentice a thing of the past in most industries  Especially shoes

24.  Challenges to Factories  Trade Unions  Artisans united to challenge factory domination  Set up own shops as competition  Recruited workers in factories  Now in the factories  1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt  Mass. Supreme Court ruled unions and ability to strike legal  Other states would follow with similar decisions

25.  A Changing Society

26.  Creation of a Class Structure  Industry helps to solidify and American class structure  Upper: Owner  Middle: Manager  Lower Middle: Foremen  Working: Skilled Workers  Lower: Unskilled workers  19 th Cen. saw clearer distinctions between the classes

27.  Social Mobility  19 th Century saw more social mobility  The ability to move from one class to the next  Hard work, ingenuity  It was very limited  But enough to make those who hadn’t think it was possible  Or instill in the next generation the idea that it could happen

28.  Changing Family  Shrinking Agriculture in North  Lure of the city  Jobs, money, social interaction  Decline of the family  Young leaving family farms  Causes decline and loss  Young women  Lured to city  More freedom  Also rape, assaults, abuse rises

29.  Women  “Cult of Domesticity”  Roles for men and women  Men: Work  Women: Take care of Children  Few rights for Women  Divorce, abuse, rape did not favor women  Godey’s Lady Book  Magazine that focused on non-controversial ideas, instead focused on “domestic” concerns  Growing involvement in Social issues  Especially children

30.  Leisure  Growing upper and middle classes saw more down time  Minstrel Shows  Actors in black face  P.T Barnum  Creation of the circus  Parks  Central Park