1. BELLWORK 4/13 1.In one paragraph, summarize US involvement in Vietnam throughout the presidencies of Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. (Include their main view/policy) 2.Describe Operation Rolling Thunder. 3.What was the purpose of using chemical weapons like Agent Orange and Napalm?

3. President Johnson and General Westmoreland believed the only way to combat guerilla warfare was through the use of heavy artillery

4. Operation Rolling Thunder Goals: 1.Increase morale in South Vietnam 2.Stop NV from aiding Viet Cong 3.Destroy NV transport, industry, air 4.Increase flow of supplies into SV

5. Agent Orange Extremely toxic herbicide Purpose was to defoliate dense forest and rural areas that protected the Viet Cong Cause peasants to flee into urban areas (controlled by US)

12. Vietnamese called them “children of the dust” U.S. Department of Defense statement (1970): "The care and welfare of these unfortunate children has never been, and is not now, considered an area of government responsibility”

13. Napalm Thickening or gelling agent mixed with gasoline

15. Tet Offensive On January 30, 1968, Communist forces launched a major surprise attack on civilian & military targets in South Vietnam. The first day of the Vietnamese New Year, or Tet. Within 24 hours, 84,000 Communist soldiers had stormed more than 100 South Vietnamese cities and towns, 12 U.S. military bases, and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces eventually retook most of the targets, but it destroyed the cities and landscape of South Vietnam.

19. Tet Offensive Aftermath U.S. killed 33,000 VietCong 1,100 U.S. troops killed 2,300 South Vietnamese troops killed 12,500 Vietnamese citizens killed More than 1 million Vietnamese became refugees. Dozens of South Vietnamese towns and villages lay in ruins. One army officer said: “We had to destroy the town to save it.” Considered the turning point of the Vietnam War because it showed that no place in South Vietnam – not even the U.S. Embassy, was safe from attack. It shattered American confidence and raised doubts about Johnson’s policies in Vietnam.

21. My Lai Massacre March 16, 1968 US troops kill around 500 unarmed civilians including men, women, children, infants 26 US soldiers were charged with crimes but only one was found guilty (served 3 years house arrest)

23. Vietnam Protest Slogans Hey, Hey LBJ, how many kids will you kill today? One, two they’ll kill you; three, four stop the war; five, six piss on Nix Make love, not war I don’t give a damn for Uncle Sam, I ain’t going to Vietnam Eighteen today, dead tomorrow, don’t make us live this constant sorrow Stop the war, feed the poor Give peace a chance!

25. 20 th Century Battlefields: Vietnam

26. BELLWORK 4/16 1.Why did President Nixon expand the Vietnam War into Cambodia? 2.Why did it take so long to establish a peace negotiation in Vietnam? 3.What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty? 4.THINKER: To what extent was containment successful in Vietnam?

27. Vietcong Underground Tunnels

28. War spreads to Cambodia In 1970, Nixon authorized the invasion of Cambodia in order to clear out Communist camps.

30. Paris Peace Treaty Evident that neither side would back down…… “Peace with honor!” In January 1973, the U.S, South Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong signed a peace agreement in Paris. The provisions of the agreement were: 1.The U.S. would withdraw from Vietnam within 60 days. 2.All prisoners of war would be released. 3.All parties would end military activities in Laos and Cambodia. 4.The 17 th parallel would continue to divide North and South Vietnam.

31. End of Vietnam War After the U.S. left Vietnam in 1973, the south and north continued to fight for two more years. The Vietnam War officially ended in 1975 when the whole country of Vietnam fell to communism. Cambodia and Laos also fell to communism in 1975……………..why? To what extent was containment successful in Vietnam?

32. Containment in Asia Communism spreads to Cambodia

33. What happened to Cambodia? Khmer Rouge: Communist party of Cambodia Formed in 1968 as a faction of the Peoples’ Army of North Vietnam Ruled from 1975-1978 Led by Pol Pot

34. Rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge Attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine Forced evacuation of urban populations (“New People”) in an attempt to create agricultural communism (“Old People”) Insisted on absolute self-sufficiency = complete isolation Severe restrictions on individual rights (religion, privacy, communication, etc.) Mass executions of dissenters, intellectuals, foreigners or “New People” led to the Cambodian Genocide. Maintained support through social engineering

35. Crimes Against Humanity The Khmer Rouge arrested, tortured, and executed anyone suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed "enemies:” – Connections to former or foreign governments – Professionals & Intellectuals (In practice, this included everyone with an education) – Artists, musicians, writers – Catholics, Muslims, Buddhists – Ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai populations – “Economic Saboteurs:” former urban populations Death toll is estimated between 1.4M-3.2M

38. Fall of Khmer Rouge By December 1978, due to several years of border conflict and the flood of refugees, relations between Cambodia and Vietnam collapsed Vietnamese forces invaded and captured the capital, Phnom Phen, in January 1979 (left) During period of Sino-Soviet tensions: USSR supported Vietnam & China supported Cambodia Occupation and fighting continued until a provisional government was established in 1996 Pol Pot died in 1998