1. printed by www.postersession.com Fourth Generation Programming: A C++ and Java Comparison By : Yensea Costas and Tayra Torres Computer Science Computers are tools created by humans to achieve a wide range of tasks all dealing from computation to interaction. These are all possible due to programming languages. They are what transforms a computer from being cables and chips, into a magnificent and prolific tool. On this research, the world of the latest software programming languages as well as their history has been investigated. Computer programs manage the computer resources. To write these programs, programming languages are needed. These are artificial languages used by the programmer to write and control the machine. They establish a direct relationship between the machine and the user. They are a specialized software intended on creating other software. The programming languages’ main purpose is to control computer behavior and express algorithms. In this research, a comparison between the third generational programming language known as C++ and the fourth generational programming language known as Java, two of the most well-known languages, has been developed. These object oriented languages changed programming forever. A programming language (interchangeable with the name computer language) is used to write programs for computers through the use of algorithms. Some scientists limit their definitions to the languages that express all algorithms. “Programming Languages” usually refers to high- level languages such as BASIC, C, COBOL (common business-oriented language- third generation language), FORTRAN (Formula Translation), etc. These “high- level languages” are named as such because they are closer to human languages and not as close to machine languages as such. Higher level languages are a lot more complex, though, than low level languages. This makes low level languages a lot simpler to comprehend by humans. Programming Languages are divided into four broad categories: First, Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, and Fourth Generation Programming Languages. First Generation : MACHINE LANGUAGES First Generation : MACHINE LANGUAGES Also known as the 1GL, this generational language is the first one in the sequence. Through it, machines used a set of binary codes which consisted on the numbers 1 and 0 only. Since this code was completely numerical, only machines (computers) and technical experts could read it; the average human would never be able to decipher it. This generation of programs was useful at the time, but it had many disadvantages. To transfer a code used by machines back then, the code had to be entirely rewritten on the other computer and sometimes it was useless, since most computers had different formats and didn’t run on the same language. Nevertheless, there is a benefit to this program. According to reviews, when a user writes a code using 1GL, it usually runs very fast and efficiently. This machine language is still used nowadays in different things such as virtual machines. Second Generation : ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES Second Generation : ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES Second Generation resulted from the complications faced when using the complicated and time consuming string of binary codes. Also called assembly languages, the second generation featured mnemonics. This was a more familiar structure for programmers. Still, it still needed to be converted into binary codes for the computer to process it. The operation codes with define the action a machine is to take suck as save, load, etc, is represented by mnemonics. Considering that the mnemonics is a one-to-one mapping of the original programming language, the computer is able to process it much easier, therefore making it very fast running software. However, this also comes with sacrifice. Scrutiny is key since this language is very specific and changes depending on the processor being utilized. Second generation programming is still used today in painstakingly complex programming. It is common is games and video editing due to their need for detail. They work alongside with 4GLs, which focus on the framework of the project. A compiler translates the machine language into an algorithm and intakes the instruction from the human user as well as those of the machine. The most common example of this generational language is C. Second Generation resulted from the complications faced when using the complicated and time consuming string of binary codes. Also called assembly languages, the second generation featured mnemonics. This was a more familiar structure for programmers. Still, it still needed to be converted into binary codes for the computer to process it. The operation codes with define the action a machine is to take suck as save, load, etc, is represented by mnemonics. Considering that the mnemonics is a one-to-one mapping of the original programming language, the computer is able to process it much easier, therefore making it very fast running software. However, this also comes with sacrifice. Scrutiny is key since this language is very specific and changes depending on the processor being utilized. Second generation programming is still used today in painstakingly complex programming. It is common is games and video editing due to their need for detail. They work alongside with 4GLs, which focus on the framework of the project. A compiler translates the machine language into an algorithm and intakes the instruction from the human user as well as those of the machine. The most common example of this generational language is C. Third Generation : HIGH - LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Third Generation : HIGH - LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES The third generation of programming languages emerged in 1952, after the invention of the compiler, which is a computer program that translates a human code into a machine code. Along with compilers came the advantage of speed. Since many third generational programs came with the compiler already installed, they worked very quickly. This was very beneficial because when a programmer was to solve a problem, he could focus just on trying to solve it and didn’t have to focus on the programming details; the compiler managed to take care of those. The third generation programming language is a tuned-up (refined) version of the Assembly Languages (2GLs) and is easier to understand, since the commands are written in English, which is a very common language world-wide. Nevertheless, in comparison to a fourth generation programming language, most 3GLs were very strict in following procedures, while fourth generation programs weren’t. Third generation languages had a code that allowed them to run specifically according to how a function was supposed to be performed. This could be of disadvantage, though not a grave one. FORTRAN was the first third generation programming language, developed in 1957 by the International Business Machine Corporation. Fourth Generation: LANGUAGES USED FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Fourth Generation: LANGUAGES USED FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Fourth Generation Programming languages, or 4GLs, are the latest is programming software. The up code is very similar to English speech. They are very user friendly, even showing graphics such as icons when running the application when inserted into microcomputers. 4GLs are known for their productivity of former programming languages. When writing a program using a4GLs, all of the necessary components are already predesigned seriously speeding up the event. The Fourth generation programming language basically writes the program itself. These programs are object oriented, meaning they are made with a specific set of abilities for a particular task. 4GLs were made around the idea of productivity and education. Using SQL (Structured Query Language) as their basis for operation, the data is allowed to be stored in relating databases. SQL was first developed by the recognized company IBM, but was later passed on to ANSI) American National Standards Institute. It later went into the hands of ISO (International Standards Organization where is became a way to mange structured and factual data. SQL makes information databases relatively independent of operation system or much regulation because most companies offer SQL database, which are compatible with most other systems. Examples of 4GLs include PROLOG, an artificial language that applies the rule of data to arrive at solutions and express algorithms. Another example is OCCAM and PARLOG, both parallel-processing languages. Programming languages have evolved greatly throughout the years. From first to second, second to third, and from third to fourth, these generational languages have each acquired different characteristics pertaining to their time period. The first generation, being only the first stage towards the elaborate future, seems a lot less advanced to the people living in the present 2010, since we have evolved three generations past the first. The fourth generation of programming languages seems to be the latest form of technology (pertaining computer science), but ten years from now, we might have entered the fifth generation, making this fourth one seem outdated. No matter how advanced a generation of programs may seem, sooner or later, it will be surpassed by a more advanced generation of languages. The third generational programming language C++ is an update of the second generational programming language C and Java is the fourth generational updated version of C++. Nevertheless, regardless of the fact that they are updated versions of each other, they were each created as entirely unique and independent programs. The comparison portrayed in the chart above contains some of the different characteristics pertaining Java and C++. Java works mostly within the Internet environment, whereas C++ is used mainly to create large-scale programs and work with computer programs in general. Java is a lot simpler and easier to use, while C++ is a little more complicated, but works “faster” than Java, which runs about 20 times slower. On the other hand, given that Java is simpler to use than C++, to work with it may result quicker to the user than C++. Java is a very rigid program; it only follows a given set of instructions. C++ is more flexible, since it does anything to complete a program. If they were to be compared, we could say that Java is better, since it is one generation over C++, uses very little low level applications, and works in any computer at anytime (as long as it has Internet) regardless of what program the computer works with. The purpose of this research in particular is to give a general presentation of the first three generational languages developed in the 1900s and a more detailed one of the fourth one, which pertains our present day technology. Nevertheless, our main target is to provide a comparison between the third-generational program C++ and the widely utilized fourth generational version of this program known as Java. We believe Java will be better and more efficient than C++, due to its portability, world-wide internet access, and its language’s similarity to English, Its pre-designed values and standardized applications make it easier and faster to understand. ABSTRACT PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES CATEGORIES RESULTS CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to: Dr. Ángel Caraballo Prof. Irma Álvarez Prof. Evelyn Haddock The CCCE Research Program o. C++ is a third generation programming language. This programming language was made as an extension of the second generation programming language, C. This language is Mostly compatible with C source code. It was meant to aid statically-typed object oriented programming, exception handling, scoped resource management, and genetic programming. C++ is designed for a specific processor. Can be used for object-oriented programming and procedural programming This program. It features optional update of bound checking. C++’s compilers allow it to be compatible with many binary standards. It is prepared to deal with unsigned variables. The only library that runs C++ is Iostream. It Requires the management of its heap allocated memory and allows the overwriting of types. C++has a standard for the minimum limit of all number types, however the limits are really implementation-defined. This program Permits constants, functions and variables. Its slogan is: Write once, compile everywhere Java is a fourth generation programming language was derived from C++. While it uses a syntax similar to C++, it is not compatible with it or any other previous language. The Java program was at first intended to be a television program and went by different names at first, but because it was far too advanced to be a television program, later became a computer program. Java is an statically typed object-oriented program associated with the internet environment and databases. It leans towards object oriented programs. Since it runs in real-time, it is not dependent on family processors. In this program, update on bounds checking is done automatically, but can be removed through Hot Spot. It has only one binary compability standard. Java has no support for unsigned variables. Garbage collecting is also done automatically in Java. This program has a rigid and strict language as well as standardized sizes and shapes for all primitive types. All its public functions are conducted through the internet. Java, however, runs about 20x times slower than C++.Its slogan is Write once, run anywhere/everywhere. C++ C++ Java Java Bolton, D. (n.d.) C/C++/C#: What is a Compiler?. http://cplus.about.com/od/introductiontoprogramming/p/compiler.htm Bolton, D. (n.d.) C/C++/C#: What is a Compiler?. http://cplus.about.com/od/introductiontoprogramming/p/compiler.htmhttp://cplus.about.com/od/introductiontoprogramming/p/compiler.htm Madison, N. (2003). What is C++? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-c.html Madison, N. (2003). 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