1. Programming Creating programs that run on your PC
(BTW- groups of programs are called software applications)

2. Learning Objectives
Understand the differences between structured programming, object-oriented programming (OOP), aspect-oriented programming (AOP), and adaptive software development.
Identify and describe the activities involved in the program development life cycle (PDLC).
Understand what constitutes good program design and list several tools that can be used by computer professionals when designing a program.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 2

3. Learning Objectives
Explain the three basic control structures and how they can be used to control program flow during execution.
Discuss some of the activities involved with debugging a program and otherwise ensuring it is designed and written properly.
List some tools that can be used to speed up or otherwise facilitate the program development process.
Describe several programming languages in use today and explain their key features.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition

4. Breaking into Program development
From SDLC, break into PDLC
Analysis
What should it do?
Design
How will it do it?
Develop
Creation
Implement
Get rid of the “bugs”
Maintain
Keeping it running

5. Programs & Programming
Computer program –
a sequence of instructions for a computer written to perform a specific task
Programming: Process of designing, writing, testing, debugging & maintaining the source code of computer programs
Programs need to be designed before they can be developed
One thing to remember:
Programs use computer memory
Space to Run in
Space to save pieces of information in for later use (variables)

6. Programming Languages
Programming – writing a computer program
Write from scratch in selected language– write reusable code
Use Software Development Kit (SDK)
Use Application Programming interface (API)
Programming language
A set of rules, words, symbols, and codes used to write computer programs
Programming Tools
Flowcharts, business documents, models
Categories of programming languages
Low-level languages
High-Level languages
4GL languages
Once written, prepare for execution (running)
.exe or .dll
Loads in memory
Uses memory to save information (variables)

7. Programming Languages
Low Level
High Level
Difficult to code in; machine dependent
Machine language: 1’s and 0’s
Assembly language
Includes some names and other symbols to replace some of the 1s and 0s in machine language
Closer to natural languages
Machine independent – run on windows and Mac OS’s
Easier to learn
Many generations (4), as time passes and hardware gets better
Translated to machine language
FORTRAN - mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications
BASIC family (BASIC, Visual Basic, VB.NET) – games to web services
COBOL - business transaction processing
C family (C, C++, C#, objective C) – mainframes, web services, iPhones
Pascal – for midrange servers – taught STRUCTURE
Java - web services, applets – most popular today
Python – todays games

8. Languages (LOW LEVEL – HIGH LEVEL)
Programmers write comments in code to explain complicated parts (ignored by computer)
Each programming language has its own set of rules to follow
Many programming languages to choose from – 3rd gen are quite similar

9. Fourth Generation Languages
Closer to natural languages
Easier to work with than high-level
Much of the code written is reusable!
Mostly used with:
Databases
Includes structured query language (SQL)
DB2, SQL Server, Oracle, Access, Foxpro, Powerbuilder, Natural, FOCUS
Apps
Software development kits (SDK’s)
Web Services
Application Program Interfaces(API’s)

10. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

11. Programmers write out complicated logic visually – in diagrams called flowcharts
START
Variable to indicate how many numbers we have gotten
Variable to save the first number
Variable to save the second number
RESERVE MEMORY
GET A NUMBER
SAVE THE NUMBER IN MEMORY
TELL MEMORY VARIABLE WE HAVE A NUMBER
YES NO
Got 2 numbers?
ADD THE NUMBERS IN MEMORY
DISPLAY SUM
Other symbols, like an ellipse or circle, mean other things
STOP

12. Creates .EXE WRITE THE PROGRAM USING CHOSEN LANGUAGE
TRANSLATE THE PROGRAM
(LANGUAGE COMPILER)
INTO MACHINES LANGUAGE
Programs can have errors
Compiler errors: Program doesn’t run
Typically syntax errors: When the programmer has not followed the rules of the programming language
Run time error: Error that occurs when the program is running
Usually an operation that cannot be completed
Logic errors: Program will run but produces incorrect results
Creates .EXE
EXECUTE (RUN) THE PROGRAM
- PROGRAM LOADS IN MEMORY, and USES MEMORY TO SAVE INFO
USERS CLICK ON ICON TO RUN “APP”
Programs use computer memory -Need “run space”
Save pieces of information for later use (variables)

13. Approaches to Design and Development
Procedural Programming
Steps to accomplish task are separated into small modules and execute in a certain order or when needed
Object-oriented
Programs consist of a collection of objects that contain data and methods to be used with that data and are used when needed
Aspect oriented
Separates functions so program components can be developed and modified individually from one another
One program does all the database work, another program presents the web page, etc..
Adaptive
Building the program in small steps of functionality
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition