1. Hematology and Immunology
Hematology is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood. 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d)
The Blood
Contains blood cells, blood cell fragments, water, and other substances (proteins, clotting factors, etc.)
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
and waste products
Contains cells that also function as part of the
immune system 2

3. Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d)
The Lymphatic System
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs
Forms a pathway throughout the body that is separate from that of the cardiovascular system that contains the blood
Defends the body against microorganisms and cancerous cells 3

4. Anatomy of the Blood http://www. youtube. com/watch
Plasma
Clear, straw-colored liquid
(about 90% water) that makes
up 55% of the blood.
The formed elements of the
blood (erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets)
are suspended in the plasma. 4

5. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Plasma (cont’d)
Contains substances the body produces itself such as: albumin, bilirubin, hormones, complement proteins, and clotting factors.
Contains creatinine and urea, which are waste products of cellular metabolism. 5

6. Figure Plasma 6

7. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Erythrocytes
Most numerous of the formed elements in the plasma
Red blood cell that is a round, somewhat flattened, red disk
Unique because, unlike other body cells, they have no cell nucleus when they are mature 7

8. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Erythrocytes (cont’d)
Contain hemoglobin, a red, iron-containing molecule that binds to oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body, and carries carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
Hematopoiesis, the process by which all blood cells are formed, occurs in the red marrow of long or flat bones. 8

9. Hematopoiesis is the process by which all blood cells are formed, it occurs in the red marrow of long or flat bones. 9

10. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Erythrocytes (cont’d)
Very immature cells are known as stem cells.
Erythrocyte stem cells mature to become erythroblasts and then normoblasts. 10

11. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Erythrocytes (cont’d)
Do not have a nucleus, so they cannot divide or repair themselves.
Last 120 days before they begin to deteriorate. 11

12. Macrophages, the principal phagocytic (cell-engulfing) components of the immune system, ingest and destroy foreign particles such as bacteria.

13. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Erythrocytes (cont’d)
Iron stripped from heme molecules is stored in the liver and the spleen; the remainder of heme molecules is converted to bilirubin.
Bilirubin plays an important role as an antioxidant, protecting body cells from damage by free radicals. 13

14. Interesting Facts: Two million red blood cells die every second.
There are approximately 100,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.
Seven percent of a humans body weight is made up of blood.
Each day 400 gallons of recycled blood are pumped through the kidneys.
By donating just one pint of blood, four lives can be saved.
Half your body’s red blood cells are replaced every seven days.
Vampires prefer type A, warm blood but will settle for other types as long as they are warm.
Every two seconds, someone needs blood.
There are approximately 1 billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood.
Your body usually replaces the volume of the blood you donate within 24 hours. Restoring red blood cell levels to normal can take up to two months though.
If you are healthy, you will be eligible to donate blood up to 330 times in your life.

15. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Leukocytes (White blood cells)
include five types of cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes)
can be identified by the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of their nucleus 15

16. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Leukocytes (cont’d)
Leukocytes with large granules in their cytoplasm are categorized as granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Leukocytes with few or no granules in their cytoplasm are categorized as granulocytes, which include lymphocytes and monocytes. 16

17. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Neutrophils
Most common leukocyte, making up 40 to 60% of leukocytes in blood
Categorized as granulocytes
Nucleus has many segments or lobes, so they are also known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMNs), polys, segs, or segmenters 17

18. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Neutrophils (cont’d)
Develop in the red marrow
Engulf and destroy bacteria (phagocytosis)
Live only a few days or even just a few hours if they are actively destroying bacteria 18

19. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Eosinophils
Make up just 1 to 4% of leukocytes
Categorized as granulocytes; also known as eos
Nucleus has two lobes
Develop in the red marrow
Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, animal dander, etc.)
Release chemicals
that kill parasites 19

20. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Basophils
Least common leukocyte, making up 0.5 to 1% of leukocytes
Categorized as granulocytes; also known as basos
Nucleus has more than one lobe
Develop in the red marrow
Release histamine at the site of tissue injury
Release heparin, an anticoagulant 20

21. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Lymphocytes
Make up 20 to 40% of leukocytes.
Categorized as agranulocytes and are the smallest leukocytes; they are also known as lymphs.
Nucleus is round and nearly fills the cell.
Some lymphocytes live for just a few days, while others live for many years. 21

22. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Lymphocytes (cont’d)
Begin development in red marrow; some become B cells or natural killer cells; others migrate to the thymus to become T cells
Present in the blood and lymph nodes; destroy viruses and produce antibodies 22

23. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Monocytes
Make up 2 to 4% of leukocytes
Categorized as agranulocytes and are the largest leukocytes; also known as monos
Have a large amount of cytoplasm, and nucleus is large and kidney bean shaped
Develop in the red marrow 23

24. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Monocytes (cont’d)
Are phagocytes that engulf and destroy microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris.
Monocytes in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver, pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, and skin are known as macrophages. 24

25. Table 6-1 Leukocyte Types and Characteristics25

26. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Thrombocytes
Different from other blood cells because they are only cell fragments
Active in the blood-clotting process
Begin in the red marrow as stem cells that then become megakaryoblasts, and then mature into megakaryocytes, a very large cell
Cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte breaks away at the edges to form cell fragments (thrombocytes) that are released into the blood 26

27. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Blood Type
Most important blood types are the ABO and Rh blood groups
ABO blood group contains A, B, AB, and O antigens 27

28. Table ABO Blood Group 28

29. Anatomy of the Blood (cont’d)
Blood Type (cont’d)
Rh blood group has 47 different antigens
Rh is positive when antigens are present on erythrocytes
Rh is negative when antigens are not present on erythrocytes 29

32. Shout Pictures/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
Figure A unit of blood
Shout Pictures/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. 32

33. Physiology of Blood Clotting
Platelet aggregation―Thrombocytes form clumps to decrease blood loss
Coagulation―Blood clot forms
Hemostasis―Cessation of bleeding
When clotting factors in the plasma are activated to form a blood clot, the fluid portion of plasma that remains is known as serum. 33

34. Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure Blood clot
Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc. 34

35. Table 6-3 Blood Clotting Factors
Title should read Blood Clotting Factors.
Table Blood Clotting Factors 35

36. Table 6-3 (continued) Blood Clotting Factors36

37. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels,
Lymph, and Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic vessels are
similar in structure to blood
vessels, but with several
important differences.
Begin as tiny lymphatic
capillaries in the tissues. 37

38. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System (cont’d)
Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes (cont’d)
End in ducts that empty into large veins in the neck.
Tissue fluid enters a lymphatic capillary and becomes lymph, the fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system. 38

39. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymphatic capillaries have large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter.
Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes.
Valves keep the lymph flowing in one direction. 39

40. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System (cont’d)
Lymphoid Organs (cont’d)
Grouped together in chains in areas where there is a high risk of invasion by microorganisms or cancerous cells.
Lymphatic vessels end at ducts in the thoracic cavity: right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.
Both lymphatic ducts then empty into large veins in the neck.
Physical Barriers 40

43. Figure 6-12 Lymphatic system43

44. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System (cont’d)
Lymphoid Tissues
Contain lymphocytes and macrophages that are active in the immune response
Tonsils and adenoids in the oral cavity
Appendix and Peyer’s patches in the small intestine 44

47. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymphoid Organs
Thymus is located within the mediastinum and helps lymphoblast's mature into T lymphocytes 47

48. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymphoid Organs
Spleen is located on left side of abdominal cavity and is the largest organ in the lymphatic system
Spleen removes old erythrocytes from the blood
Spleen also acts as storage area for whole blood, which is released into the circulatory system during times of danger or injury