1. Northern Africa

2. Libya and Maghreb Nations Maghreb – Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco –“Land farthest west” (west of Egypt)

8. Europeans France and Italy – took colonies in N. Africa Italy was defeated in WWII – Libya was freed Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco – had to fight for independence – different relationship with European countries than Libya

9. Northern Africa Arabic speaking Muslims –Similar to middle east Arid Climate Northern part of the Sahara

10. Sahara Desert world's largest hot desert, and second largest desert after Antarctica. Apx. Size of USA

11. Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco Many similarities Libya – big, oil, little agriculture Tunisia – small, no oil, agriculture

12. Tunisia

20. Physical Char. Sandy Dunes (erg) – gravel Rock (reg) deserts Beaches Wadis – dry river beds and sharp gullies – hold water No navigable rivers

21. Think Why would the people in the interior keep traditional ways as the coastal areas modernized?

22. Mountains and desert made it difficult to travel

23. Coast of Mediterranean Sea Blend of African, European, Asian Early – Berbers – original inhabitants Roman rule – Camels – “ships of desert” - caravans

24. Caravans South – Salt North – Slaves, ivory, gold, feathers Mid- 600s – Arab invaders – language, religion Golden age – center Europe, Africa, Asia Learning a

25. Rural, Urban, Nomad Rural – Small rural Villages Mud/stone houses 1 room – no/few windows Water –goatskin bag/well

26. Rural Work Subsistence Agriculture Centuries old tools – wood plow/camel 3 hr work break

27. Desert Nomads Nomadic way of life Tuareg – small groups central/S. Sahara “free men” Droughts force settlement

28. Urban Rapid urbanization ½ more urban Medinas – older Arab sections of N. Africa cities around Mosques

29. Souks – market areas Rapid growth – What type of Problems do you think this Might cause?

30. Housing and Jobs - Scarce

31. Morocco

33. DAKAR Rally

34. Dakar

38. Libya Colony of Italy (Italy lost WWII) 1951 – Libya – Independent Very poor - $ foreign aid, rent military bases Flag - plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)

39. Libya cont… 1961 – oil = $$$$. $=roads, schools, housing –Hospitals, airports –Water, electricity – rural areas –New jobs – construction and oil 99% exports

40. Colonel Qaddafi 1969 – led military coup –took power Socialism/modern economic and political reforms Goal – equal distribution of wealth –(limited $3,400 savings)

41. Qaddafi cont… Root out western influence Closed bars and night life Banned blue jeans (men) – pants and short skirts (women)

42. Qadaffi cont.. Spent billions on Soviet weapons Wars/terrorist 1986 – US air strikes (result of terrorism) 1992 – US eco. Sanctions Now – not terrorist - leader

43. Algeria Independent – French Colonists left No education, no professionals, no administrators Massive training/education programs

44. Algeria cont. 1950s – oil/natural gas –96% exports –Population growth/few jobs –Emigrate to Europe (France)

45. Rural Farming Govt. encourages – 3 reasons 1 – provides jobs Reduce food imports (1/3 imported) Limited overcrowding in cities –(2 bedroom apt. – avg 9 people)

46. Algeria 1988 – antigovernment riots – end one party rule 1992 –islamic party almost won Army took over to prevent this Wave of attacks and terrorism

47. Algeria

58. Tunisia and Morocco Lack large oil reserves T. – education – free though college T/M – Developed manufacturing More $ - export clothes

59. Tunisia and Morocco Minerals – phosphates are exported Built up chemical industries Rural areas declining

60. CEUTA AND MELILLA, FRAGMENTS OF EUROPE ON NORTH AFRICA'S MEDITERRANEAN COAST, CAME UNDER SPANISH CONTROL AROUND 500 YEARS AGO. MADRID SAYS THE URBAN ENCLAVES ARE INTEGRAL PARTS OF SPAIN. THEY ARE SURROUNDED BY MOROCCO, WHICH VIEWS THE SPANISH PRESENCE AS ANACHRONISTIC AND CLAIMS SOVEREIGNTY. BUT IMPROVING RELATIONS WERE JEOPARDISED IN NOVEMBER 2007 BY SPANISH KING JUAN CARLOS' II FIRST VISIT TO THE TERRITORIES IN MORE THAN 30 YEARS, WHICH KING MOHAMMED VI STRONGLY CONDEMNED. SPAIN ALSO CONTROLS A SCATTERING OF ISLETS ALONG THE NORTH AFRICAN COAST, INCLUDING UNINHABITED PEREJIL, WHICH WAS AT THE CENTRE OF A SPAT IN 2002 WHEN MOROCCAN SOLDIERS OCCUPIED IT BEFORE BEING REMOVED BY THE SPANISH ARMY. MORE RECENTLY, DIFFERENCES OVER CEUTA AND MELILLA HAVE NOT PREVENTED A WARMING OF RELATIONS BETWEEN MOROCCO AND SPAIN, PARTICULARLY ECONOMIC ONES. MOROCCO'S PREMIER HAS ADVOCATED "NEIGHBOURLY" TALKS ON THE ISSUE. CEUTA, A STEPPING-STONE TO MAINLAND EUROPE WITH ITS REBUILT 15TH CENTURY CATHEDRAL, SHIPYARDS AND A FISH-PROCESSING PLANT, CEUTA IS VIEWED BY SPAIN AS THE MORE STRATEGICALLY-VALUABLE ENCLAVE. THE TOWN IS A 90-MINUTE FERRY RIDE FROM MAINLAND SPAIN. MELILLA, CONQUERED IN 1497, IS A MODERN TOWN WITH A DISTINCTIVE OLD QUARTER. THE ENCLAVES ARE SURROUNDED BY FENCES, INTENDED TO DETER ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS. BUT CEUTA AND MELILLA ARE NONETHELESS USED BY MANY AFRICANS AS STEPPING-STONES TO IBERIA. MANY MIGRANTS ARE CAUGHT AND SOME DROWN WHILE ATTEMPTING TO MAKE THE SEA CROSSING. PEOPLE TRAFFICKING IS COMMON. AFTER A SERIES OF INCREASINGLY-DESPERATE ATTEMPTS BY WOULD-BE IMMIGRANTS TO SURMOUNT THE BARRIERS IN 2005, SPAIN AND MOROCCO AGREED TO DEPLOY EXTRA TROOPS TO TRY TO SECURE THE BORDERS. CEUTA AND MELILLA ARE LINKED TO SPAIN BY FERRY SERVICES TO MALAGA, ALGECIRAS AND ALMERIA. BORDERS AND DEFENCE ARE CONTROLLED BY MADRID. TOURISM IS AN IMPORTANT MONEY-EARNER WITH DUTY-FREE GOODS BEING A BIG DRAW FOR VISITORS.