1. D ISORDERS OF THE D IGESTIVE SYSTEM

2. S TOMATITIS Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Occurs simultaneously with glossitis, gingivitis and palatitis (Inflammation of tongue, gum and palate respectively).

3. E TIOLOGY Physical causes Injuries due to sharp objects or coarse feed Injuries due to sharp teeth and malpositioned teeth Injuries due to faulty drenching Too hot or too cold food Chemicals: Irritant chemicals and drugs such as acid and alkali, turpentine oil, etc.

4. E TIOLOGY ( CONTD.) Infective causes: Virus RP, FMD, IBR, CD, etc. Bacteria Streptococci, Staphylococci, Spherophorus necrophorus, Actinobacillus, etc FungusMonilla spp, Candida spp, Aspergillus spp. ParasitesPlant lies, mites, leeches NutritionalVitamin B deficiency (riboflavin, niacin) AllergyIngestion of stinging plants and insects.

5. C LINICAL SIGNS Anorexia due to pain Profuse salivation, foaming at the mouth with stingy saliva hanging down from the mouth. Saliva may contain pus or epithelium. Smacking of the lips.

6. C LINICAL SIGNS Oral mucosa become red and swollen Vesicles on the oral mucosa Enlargement of local lymph nodes- sub maxillary and pharyngeal lymph nodes.

7. D IAGNOSIS From clinical signs Examination of swab or scrapping to determine the causative agent Vesicular fluid should be collected in 50% glycerin buffer for confirmatory tests.

8. T REATMENT 1. Foreign bodies if any may be removed 2. Collutory (Mouth wash) Potassium permanganate (1: 10000) or 0.1 % soln. 2 % Copper sulphate solution 2% Alum soln. 1 -2 % Boroglycerine 3. Antibiotics- in systemic diseases and to prevent secondary infection. 4. Antihistanimics

9. T REATMENT ( CONTD.) 5. Supportive therapy Inj. Vitamin A and C Fluid therapy. 6. Provide soft food and grass

10. E SOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION Sudden occlusion of the esophagus Characterized by excessive salivation, deglutition inability and regurgitation.

11. ETIOLOGY Internal obstruction by foreign bodies Feed material- mango seed, potatoes, turnips, etc. Non-feed foreign materials- stones, metals, wood, glasses, etc. Mural obstructions Neoplasms and extra growths Eg. Spirocerca lupa may cause obstruction.

12. E TIOLOGY (C ONTD.) Extramural obstructions Tuberculosis or abscess of mediastinal lymphnode Neoplasm of cardiac end of stomach Oesephageal diverticulum Displacement of the heart and lung base

13. P ATHOGENESIS spasm of esophageal musculature and forceful movement of the rumen/stomach Excessive salivation with slimy saliva.

14. There are three sites of obstruction Immediately behind the pharynx (oropharynx) Cervical part of the esophagus, and Thoracic part of the esophagus

15. C LINICAL SIGNS Salivation, restlessness, refusal of food, protrusion of tongue, respiratory distress Grunting (cattle) Stretching of head and neck from side to side (cattle) Fatal tympany

16. C LINICAL SIGNS ( CONTD.) Regurgitation and cough (cattle) Pawing on the ground (horse) Pawing in the mouth Dyspnoea Vomiting (pigs, cats, dogs) Foul breath, mouth held high (cats, dogs)

17. D IAGNOSIS History of ingestion of foreign body Palpation of cervical esophagus for foreign bodies Use of mouth gag to examine pharyngeal obstruction

18. D IAGNOSIS Stomach tube to judge the nature and location of obstruction Radiography of full length of esophagus Contrast radiography to locate the obstruction Surgical exploration for prompt diagnosis and repair

19. L INE OF TREATMENT Removal of foreign body using long handled forceps in small animals Sedation of animal in acute cases with much discomfort to the animal. Atropine sulphate to relax esophageal spasms in large animals.

20. T REATMENT ( CONTD.) Trocarization in large animals to relief from bloat. Digital manipulation using a mouth gag for solid obstruction in pharyngeal region. Surgical interference