1. NUMERALS AND DATES

2. Cardinal numbers (one, two,... a hundred) When writing in words or reading, a number composed of three or more figures we place and before the word denoting tens or units: 713 seven hundred and thirteen 5,102 five thousand, one hundred and two but 6,100 six thousand, one hundred (no tens or units) 320,410 three hundred and twenty thousand, four hundred and ten

3. Indefinite article a is more usual than one before hundred, thousand, million, etc. when these numbers stand alone or begin an expression: 100 a hundred 1,000 a thousand 100, 000 a hundred thousand

4. We can also say a hundred and one, a hundred and two etc. up to a hundred and ninety-nine and a thousand and one etc. up to a thousand and ninety-nine. Otherwise we use one, not a: 1,040 a/one thousand and forty but 1,140 one thousand, one hundred and forty

5. The words hundred, thousand, million and dozen, when used with a definite number, are never made plural: six hundred men ten thousand pounds two dozen eggs NOT six hundreds men

6. If however, these words are used loosely, just meaning a large number, they must be made plural: hundreds of people thousands of birds dozens of times In this case the preposition of is placed after hundreds, thousands etc. Of is not used with definite numbers except before the/them/these/those or possessives: six of the blue ones ten of these four of Tom's brothers

7. Decimals are indicated by '.' which is read 'point': 10.92 ten point nine two A zero after a decimal point is usually read 'nought': 8.04 eight point nought four But 'o' / ə u/ and 'zero' would also be possible.

8. Ordinal numbers (first, second,... hundredth) When writing in words or reading fractions other than 1/2 (a half) and 1/4 (a quarter), we use a combination of cardinal and ordinal numbers: 1/5 a/one fifth 1/10 a/one tenth (a is more usual than one) 3/5 three fifths 7/10 seven tenths

9. 1/2 (half) can be followed directly by a noun but other fractions require of before a noun: half a second but a quarter of a second Half + of can also be used, but the of is optional: Half (of) my earnings go in tax.

10. Points to notice about ordinal numbers Notice the irregular spelling of fifth,eighth, ninth and twelfth. When ordinal numbers are expressed in figures the last two letters of the written word must be added (except in dates): first=1 st twenty-first = 21st Second=2nd forty-second = 42nd Third= 3rd sixty-third = 63rd Fourth = 4th eightieth = 80th

11. In compound ordinal numbers the rule about and is the same as for compound cardinal numbers: 101 st = the hundred and first. The article the normally comes before ordinal numbers: the sixtieth day the fortieth visitor Titles of kings etc. are written in Roman figures: Charles V James III Elizabeth II But in spoken English we use the ordinal numbers preceded by the: Charles the Fifth James the Third Elizabeth the Second

12. Dates Days and months are always written with capital letters. Dates are expressed by ordinal numbers, so when speaking we say: March the tenth, July the fourteenth etc or the tenth of March etc They can, however, be written in a variety of ways; e.g. March the tenth could be written: March 10 10 March 10 th of March March 10 th 10 th March March the 10 th

13. The year When reading or speaking we use the term hundred but not thousand. The year 1987 would be read as nineteen hundred and eighty-seven or nineteen eighty-seven. Years before the Christian era are followed by the letters BC (= before Christ) and years dating from the Christian era are sometimes preceded by the letters AD (=Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord). 1500 BC would be read as either one thousand five hundred BC or fifteen hundred BC

14. Vežbe: Write the numerals and dates. 1. 12 th October 1492 ____________________ 2. 13 th April 1969_______________________ 3. 6 th March 1876 _______________________ 4. 8,454 km ___________________________ 5. 206 ________________________________ 6. 822 ________________________________ 7. 824 ________________________________ 8. 5,895 ______________________________ 9. 19,888,000 __________________________ 10. 20 th July 1961 ______________________

15. Choose the correct answer to the questions. 1. How far is New York from Buenos Aires? 8,454 5,496 10 600 2. When did Neil Armstrong first walk on the Moon? 12 th Apr 1961 20 th Jul 1969 6 th March 1876 3. How many bones are there in human body? 206 824 822 4. What is the population of Australia? 824 822 19,888,000 5. When did Christopher Columbus reach West Indies? 12 th Oct 1492 6 th March 1872 20 th Apr 1968 6. How high is Mount Kilimanjaro? 5,895 8,454 2,567 7. When did Yuri Gagarin first go to space? 12 th Apr 1961 20 th Oct 1969 12 th Oct 1492

16. 8. What is 477 + 345? 824 822 206 9. When was the first phone call made? 12 th Apr 1961 6 th March 1876 20 th Jul 1969 10. What is 1,568-744? 824 822 356