1. Central America and the Caribbean
UNIT 3
Central America and the Caribbean

2. Regions
Central America and the Caribbean: Haiti, Cuba, Guatemala, Panama

7. Invaded primarily by Spain
Natives were conquered and enslaved which impacted a change in language so that most people in Central America speak Spanish, change the religion to mostly Catholicism, and the Spanish brought their culture like architecture and clothing
Lands were colonized by Spain and France
Haiti was conquered by France

8. Past conflicts as defined by historical challenges had an impact on the current economic, social, and/or political life in the contemporary societies
Cold War sanctions on Cuba due to their Communist government and human rights abuses
Revolution and minimally effective government (kleptocracy) in Haiti

9. Geographic factors
Early Maya settled in the mountains because of rich natural resources; those populations still there instead of large cities now because they are difficult to reach
Mild climate, proximity to water, natural resources, and fertile soil are the geographic factors for patterns of population

10. Geographic features responsible for the location of economic activities
Rivers – trade
Panama Canal – transportation of goods, opened up trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Seacoasts (ports)
Cuba and Haiti in key positions during colonial era for protection and trade
Fertile soil/mild climate (agriculture)
Haiti – sugar
Conservation policies, government regulation of trade, and guidelines and laws related to global change

11. Geographic factors that influence society’s ability to control territory
Location and physical features
Panama’s crucial location on trade route so as to avoid sailing around South America
Panama Canal opened trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
Panama lost control over canal because of larger economic interests
Panamanian government has difficulty controlling its internal territory because the natural rivers are not navigable.
The location of Haiti and Cuba causes them to have high cost to ship goods overseas to trade

12. Effects of physical environmental processes on Earth’s surface
Earthquake – Haiti (2010)
Can cause tsunamis, landslides, avalanches, fires, soil liquefaction, and floods

13. Ways people have modified the physical environment
Transportation infrastructure – building canal for trade
Large-scale agriculture – removing forests for plantation sugar in Haiti
Many Central Americans have modified their environment in order to improve their lifestyle, the peasants have burned down the rainforest in order to clear land for farming.

15. Ways factors of production influence economies
Natural resources – rich soil in Haiti for large-scale agriculture drew interest from those who wanted to extract resources
An uneducated work force accounts for the lack of development in many Latin American countries today.
Capital is the most lacking factor in the economy of Haiti.

18. Problems and issues that arise when factors of production are in short supply
Labor – slave system; now a relatively uneducated work force
Capital – Countries remain underdeveloped – Haiti today due to lack of natural resources, little foreign commerce or trade, and dependence on foreign non-governmental organizations.

19. Free enterprise, socialist, and communist economies
A free enterprise system is a market economy in which individuals depend on supply, demand, and prices to determine the answers to 4 economic questions. The system has 4 characteristics: economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property, and profit motive. Private ownership of goods and services
A communist system is a political economy in which factors of production are collectively owned and resources and means of production, no economic freedom, and no profit motive. Government, rather than individuals, own and control the resources used in production as well as the means of producing those resources

20. Benefits of a U.S. free enterprise system:
Individuals and businesses have the freedom to operate and compete (minimum government regulation)
Private ownership (land, minerals, manufacturing plants, goods, and services)
Opportunities for innovativeness and inventiveness
Opportunities to earn a profit

21. Economic Interdependence
Nations increase their interdependence by trading more with each other.

22. Examples of Limited and Unlimited Government
In a limited government led by the citizens, everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of their elected, appointed or inherited positions.
Limited – U.S
Multi party, free elections
Limitations placed on rulers by laws/constitution
Freedom of speech and other human rights

23. Unlimited – Cuba under Castro
In an unlimited government, control is placed solely with the ruler and his/her appointees, and there are no limits imposed on his/her authority
When a country moves from a limited to unlimited government a loss of human rights often occurs
Unlimited – Cuba under Castro
One-party rule, no elections or controlled elections
Written laws suspended or not upheld
Repression of rights

24. Governments ruled by one, few, or many
Rule by one – monarchy or dictatorship
A single ruler controls government and claims the responsibility due to divine or hereditary right. Either birth of God determines who will rule, the people do not. Dictators or despots also maintain complete control of government in their countries – unlimited government
Ex. Cuba, North Korea

25. Rule by a few – small group has power – oligarchy
Government with rule by a few also occurs when a group of persons seize power after an overthrow of the previous government. The new rulers constitute a junta – usually an unlimited government
Ex. Iran, Nepal, Vietnam

26. Rule by many – people have the power – limited government
A government ruled by many is a republic or a democracy
Ex. United States, Germany, Israel

27. Culture and the common traits that unify a culture region
Culture – the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs (ex. Maya)
Culture region – a way of dividing the world into areas that a particular form of government, religion, economic system, language, or traditions predominate
Central America – different indigenous groups in history, but shared colonial past.

28. Impact of Cultural diffusion on individuals and world societies
Guatemala
Positive impact – Maya spread throughout region, strong cultural traits still there; Columbian exchange; Spanish brought global trade networks, language, religion, government
Negative impact – subjugation of Maya, racism still apparent today
Haiti – still has many of the characteristics of France, the country that conquered its people years age

29. Institutions basic to all cultures
Religion
Education
Language
Traditions
Holidays