1. International Marine Conservation Summit 2020

2. Reviewing progress since the International Year of Biodiversity -2010

3. Statistics
Fishing rates currently over 2.5 times greater than the sustainable level

4. Statistics

5. Statistics
Recovering

6. Statistics
Sward Fish
By 2048 – ALL species currently fished for as food will collapse
Salmon
Tuna
Atlantic Cod
Sea Bass

7. Causes Advanced Tracking Faster Ships Bigger Nets
Technological advancements
Advanced Tracking
Faster Ships
Bigger Nets

8. Causes Technological advancements Too many fleets
Over 4 million commercial fishing vessels in 2005
Unfair Fisheries Partnership Agreements
Allow foreign fleets to over fish in the waters of developing countries
Pirate Fishing
Bycatch
Destructive techniques
Lack of conservation

9. Consequences

10. Consequences
Fish
Decline in Population
Possible extinction of specie

11. Consequences
Food Chain
Decline in species higher up the food chain

13. Food Chain Consequences
Decline in species higher up the food chain Including:
Seals
Sea Otters
Whales
Sea Birds
Dolphins

14. Humpback Whales Case-Study
Consequences
Food Chain
Humpback Whales Case-Study
Humpback whales in Canada's Bay of Fundy appear to be suffering from lack of food due to competition with fishing fleets for herring (wwf)

15. Food Chain Consequences Decline in species higher up the food chain
Greater number of smaller organism – those previously eaten by commercial fish
Decline in some species further down the food chain as fishing fleets and larger predators change their target catch

16. Consequences
Humans
1 in 5 people rely on fish as their main source of protein
World’s poorest suffer most
200 million people world wide rely on the ocean for their lively hood
Over fishing by large international corporations leave local fishermen without fish

17. Newfoundland Case-Study
Consequences
Food Chain
Newfoundland Case-Study

18. Newfoundland Case-Study
Consequences
Food Chain
Newfoundland Case-Study
For centuries was a thriving fishing town
In the early 1990s, the fishing industry provided employment for 110,000 people
“Waters so rich that one had only to let a basket into the water and it would be filled with cod”

19. Newfoundland Case-Study
Consequences
Food Chain
Newfoundland Case-Study
Mid 1950s – 1980s experienced mass over fishing

20. Newfoundland Case-Study
Consequences
Food Chain
Newfoundland Case-Study
1992 – Cod fishery officially declared collapsed
40,000 people lost their jobs overnight
A further 70,000 became unemployed as a result
Canadian government spent billions in relief packages
A Great Bank cod fishing moratorium was implemented immediately – this ban has continued on and off ever since
28 years later – Cod still not recovered

21. Humans
Annual global economic loss as a direct result of over fishing -- $36 Billion
Annual global economic loss when potential economic gain from wider industry (distributors, supermarkets, boat builders etc) is taken into consideration -- $72 Billion
Loss from non-industrial use of ocean -- $45 Billion
Including:
Whale-watching
Diving
Sports fishing
Mass unemployment $

22. Solutions

23. Ecosystem-Based Management
Three Goals:
Improve Fishing Management
Reduce the impact of fishing
Develop and support sustainability

24. Improved Fishing
Management

25. Marine Protect Areas Like National Reserves… except for the sea
A protected area in which no fishing is permitted

26. Fish Responses to Marine Reserves

27. Marine Reserves Increase Fish Biomass

28. Since the IYB 2010 2020 ~ 5, 000 MPAs around the world ~ 9,000 MPAs
8% of world’s oceans protected
10% of worlds oceans protected
Target 11: By 2020, at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas 28

29. Kenya: Case-Study

30. Reduce Impact

31. Bycatch – Definition
Organisms not of the target species that are caught and killed unintentionally during fishing

32. Bycatch In total, 1 in 3 fish caught is wasted
Every year 29 million tons of fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals are killed and discarded into the sea as incidental or unwanted by-catch
Wasted

33. Bycatch Is the single largest cause of cetaceans mortality
Has pushed dozens of species to the point of extinction

34. Annually kills Over 300,000 small whales, dolphins, and porpoises
100 million sharks
20 percent of the seafloor fauna and flora over which a trawler has passed
Around 100,000 albatrosses

35. Bycatch by Gear Type
Ratio of intended catch to bycatch
1:20

36. Solutions Setting bait hooks in longline fishing nets below 100m
Pingers Electro-acoustic devices attached to nets – alert cetaceans to the presence of the net – less likely to become tangled

37. Solutions Bycatch Circular Hook – reduces turtle deaths
Change in hooks on long nets – has drastically reduced death of sea birds

38. Since 2010 Change in fishing gear
70% of costal states have banned dynamite fishing in their waters

39. Since 2010 Change in fishing gear
70% of costal states have banned dynamite fishing in their waters
Strong movement away from trawlers

40. Since 2010 Change in fishing gear
70% of costal states have banned dynamite fishing in their waters
Strong movement away from trawlers (20% less)
Encouragement of scuba-fishing especially for shallow water shrimp and lobster.
Regulations on net size – allows infant fish to escape

41. Develop and Support Sustainability

42. Fish Farming 2010 -- Provided one-third of the fish people consumed
worth US$58 billion globally
2020 – worth US$70 billion globally
Farmed

44. Mass of Farmed Seafood
Seafood from Fish Farms (mt)
Year

45. Types of Fish Farming
In the Ocean

46. Types of Fish Farming
On Land

47. Types of Fish Farming
NEW AGE

48. Acidification of the OCEAN

49. Process of acidification
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed into the ocean
This CO2 combines with seawater (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), lowering the pH and thus making it more acidic
This raises the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water hence decreasing the concentration of carbonate ions making it harder for organisms to obtain carbonate ions which are needed for them to build shells.

50. What is it?
As the name implies acidification of the ocean refers to the phenomena of lowering pH in the ocean.

51. How it Happens
Acidification of the ocean occurs when CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed into the ocean
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Carbonic Acid

53. Statistics
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day.
22,000,000 Tons/Day

54. Statistics
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day
¼ of human induced CO2 emissions are absorbed into the ocean
Absorbed

55. Statistics
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day
¼ of human induced CO2 emissions have been absorbed into the ocean
Ocean surface pH dropped approximately 0.13 between 1750 and 2000:
8.25
8.12
1750
2000

56. Statistics
CO2 is being absorbed into the worlds oceans at a rate of over 22 million tons per day.
¼ of human induced CO2 emissions have been absorbed into the ocean
Ocean surface pH dropped approximately 0.13 between 1750 and 2000:
This constitutes a 30% raise in ocean acidity since pre-industrial times

57. Statistics
“This rate is 100 times faster than any change in ocean acidity in the last 20 million years”
(Thomas Lovejoy, former chief biodiversity advisor to the world bank)

58. Downward Spiral Mass extinction Dead Seas ¼ absorbed into oceans
Oceans become acidic & therefore corrosive
CO2 released into atmosphere
Mass extinction
Lowers carbonate saturation
Entire food chain affected
Dead Seas
It is harder for calcareous organisms to make their shells
Without protection these species quickly decline
Acidification continues and water become corrosive
Organisms shells corrode and dissolve

59. Consequences
Millions of marine species build shells for themselves using calcium (Ca) and carbonate (CO3) molecules from seawater.

60. Consequences
However, increased acidity results in a decrease in the availability of carbonate molecules and hence it becomes increasingly difficult for these organisms to build their shells.
Acid
Carbonate
Water
High Acidity
Low Acidity

61. Consequences
They have less able to do other activities such as feed and reproduce
Consequence: they must spend more energy on making their shells
decline in population of species

62. Greater Threat
Even after 250 years of acidification pH is still greater than 7 – the water is alkali
However… if pH < 7 water becomes corrosive
Shells will actually dissolve

64. Affected Organisms Include:
Mussels
Sea Urchins
Calcareous phytoplankton
Coral

65. Coral Reefs

66. Coral Reefs Acidity = corrosion of coral Acidity = corrosion of coral
The loss of coral reefs will be devastating for both the biodiversity of this planet and the millions of people who rely on them for a living and protection
Take Millions of Years to form
Home to ¼ of marine species
Extremely sensitive to change in pH
Require very high amounts of carbonate to build skeletons
Acidity = corrosion of coral
Already being seen in most reefs around the world. Left unaddressed will result in extinction of coral.

67. Where we stand Cold water coral reefs are almost entirely gone
Coastal communities in such places as Kenya, the Caribbean and Fiji are suffering as tourism has decreased

68. Where we stand
For the last 2 decades coral reefs have been declining at an alarmingly fast rate and if the current trend continues will completely gone in less than 25 years

69. Polar Regions
First Affected

70. Polar Seas
Acidification is particularly high in the polar oceans because gas dissolves more easily into cold water

73. Polar Seas: 2010
Effects already beginning to be seen

74. Polar Seas: 2010
Calcareous phytoplankton – an important species at the bottom of the food chain – declining because of acidification

75. Polar Seas: 2010

76. Presentation:
The image above is a swimming pteropod, known scientifically as Limacina helicina. These free-swimming planktonic molluscs form a calcium carbonate shell made of aragonite. They are an important food source for juvenile North Pacific salmon and also are eaten by mackerel, herring and cod. Experiments carried out at sea have shown that the shells of live pteropods dissolve when seawater reaches corrosive levels. Ocean acidification is detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems and highly acidic conditions could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously. A fall in the numbers of pteropods could cause a chain reaction since they make up the basic food for organisms from zooplankton to whales, as well as for species that are important commercially, such as North Pacific salmon. For example, the plankton on which cod larvae feed would disappear, and the cod would then go too, and something else not linked heavily to the food chain - like jellyfish - will move into their niche in the ecosystem.

77. Polar Seas: 2010 Terrapod shells in arctic dissolving
First signs of dead oceans

78. Where We Stand
Despite the Aichi targets CO2 emissions have continued to rise since 2010 and reached an all time high in December of 2017.
In last 2 years – CO2 emissions/capita begun to decline due to:
Legislation
Improved farming techniques
Implementation of renewable energy

79. Where we Stand However: CO2 still greater than in 2010
Hence, while it is improving it’s not improving fast enough

80. Where we Stand However: CO2 still greater than in 2010
Levels still too high to stop ocean acidification
Hence, while it is improving it’s not improving fast enough

81. Solutions

82. Preserve
Coral Banks Take samples of coral species to be preserved

83. Preserve
Aquariums
Creates desire within population for ocean preservation
Allow people to see what no longer exists in the wide

84. Preserve Unfortunately these actions do not solve the problem.
However, they do ensure that species will survive for future generations to see as well as medicinal purposes

85. Reduce CO2
Acidification can only be prevented by reducing atmospheric CO2

86. Reduce CO2
2010 CO2 Emissions
2010
Air 2%

87. Solutions Renewable Energy Sources
Changing the way we get energy has been a key factor in reducing global CO2 emissions

88. International Marine Conservation Summit 2020
Thank-you
International Marine Conservation Summit 2020