1. 4 Different Parenting Styles and their Effects on Children

2. Dimensions of Parenting
Parental warmth – The degree to which parents are accepting, responsive, and compassionate with their children.
Parental control – The degree to which parents set limits, enforce rules, and maintain discipline with children.

3. Four styles of parenting (Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Authoritarian parents – Exert firm control but are rejecting or unresponsive to their children.
Warmth: Low
Control: High

4. 1st Parenting Style: AUTHORITARIAN
Expect children to follow strict rules
Does not explain why rules should be obeyed
Punish children who disobey rules
Are controlling/power-oriented
Use verbal threats or spanking

5. 1st Parenting Style: AUTHORITARIAN
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Obedient
Proficient (good at what they do)
may view parent as enemy
May be confused about what is right/wrong
Have  levels happiness & self-esteem compared to children who do not have authoritarian parents

7. Authoritarian Style: Limits without Freedom.
Parents’ word is law, parents have absolute control.
Misconduct is punished
Affection and praise are rarely give
Parents try to control children's’ behavior and attitudes
They value unquestioned obedience
Children are told what to do, how to do it, and where to do it, and when to do it.

8. Outcomes of Authoritarian Style
Blindly Obedient
Distrustful
Withdrawn
Unhappy
Hostile
Not High Achievers
Passive
Children from authoritarian homes are so strictly controlled that they are often prevented from making their own decisions

9. Four styles of parenting (Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Permissive parents – Warm but have little control over their children.
Warmth: High
Control: Low

10. 2nd Parenting Style: PERMISSIVE
Has no firm rules, lenient
Accepts child as he/she is
Disciplines through love, praise and affection
Child can do no wrong
Communicates and nurtures child
Acts more like a friend than parent

11. 2nd Parenting Style: PERMISSIVE
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Dependent
Irresponsible / lack self-control
Immature
Experiences problems with authority
Experiences problems in school (i.e. completing projects)

13. Permissive Style: Freedom without limits
Parents allow their children to do their own thing.
Little respect for order and routine.
Parents make few demands on children.
Discipline is lax: rarely punish
Non controlling, non-demanding
Usually warm, indulgent
Children walk all over the parents

14. Outcome of Permissive Parenting
Aggressive
Least self-reliant
Least self-controlled
Least exploratory
Most unhappy
Children from permissive homes often get used to having what they want, but without guidance; they can be spoiled, aimless, anxious, insecure, rebellious

15. Four styles of parenting (Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Rejecting/neglecting parents – Don’t set limits and are unresponsive to their children’s needs.
Warmth: Low
Control: Low

16. 3rd Parenting Style: UNINVOLVED
Makes few demands
Low responsiveness to child
Detached from child, but fulfills his/her basic needs
In extreme cases parents REJECT or NEGLECT needs of child

17. 3rd Parenting Style: UNINVOLVED
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Feel neglected / abandoned, have  self-esteem
Lack self-control

18. Outcomes
Children raised by rejecting/neglecting parents fare the worst of all.
Compared to other children, they show higher rates of delinquency, alcohol and drug use, and early sexual activities.
They perform more poorly in school and show other disruptions in peer relations and cognitive development (Park & Buriel, 1998).

19. Four styles of parenting (Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Authoritative parents – Are warm and exert firm control.
Warmth: High
Control: High

20. 4th Parenting Style: DEMOCRATIC or Authoritative
Responsive
Supportive of child’s decisions
Guides and shows by example
Willing to discuss choices they or their child makes and the reasoning behind these choices
Disciplinary methods are nurturing & forgiving ≠ punitive
Want child to be socially responsible, self-regulated, cooperative

21. 4th Parenting Style: DEMOCRATIC or Authoritative
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Good decision makers
Independent, but seek help when needed
Happy
Capable
Successful

22. Back bone: parents need it.

23. Democratic (Authoritative): Freedom within limits
Middle ground
Parents set reasonable limits and enforce rules
Willing to listen receptively to child’s requests interests, and questions.
Children contribute to discussion of issues and make some of their own decisions
Exert firm control when necessary, but explain reasoning behind it.
Loving, consistent, demanding
Combine control with encouragement

24. Outcomes of Democratic Style
Happy
Mostly self-reliant
Friendly, generous
Cooperative
High-achiever’
Less likely to be disruptive or delinquent
Children whose parents expect them to perform well, to fulfill commitments, and to participate actively in family duties, experience the satisfaction that comes from meeting responsibilities and achieving success.

25. Parental Control
Psychological control – Attempts at control that affect a child’s psychological and emotional development (Barber, 1996). Includes inducting guilt, withdrawing love, or shaming.
Behavioral control – “The claims parents make on children to become integrated into the family whole, by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys" (Baumrind, 1991, pp ).
(Darling, 1996)

26. Ways that parents can build a child's self-esteem:
Provide more successes than failures for the child.
Give lots of encouragement.
Give them freedom to fail with acceptance.
Allow independence.
Give unconditional love.
Do not set standards unreasonably high.
Avoid ridicule.
Eliminate the negative.

27. Ways that parents can build a child's self-esteem:
Be available.
Be a good role model.
Give your children responsibility
Help your child develop talents
Take their ideas, emotions and feelings seriously.
Set Limits
Allow exploration and encourage questions.

28. Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?
Discipline – Techniques used to teach children appropriate behavior.
Punishment – Techniques used to eliminate or reduce undesirable behavior.
Often overemphasize punishment when disciplining children.
84% of American adults state that “it is sometimes necessary to discipline a child with a good hard spanking” (Lehman, 1989; Straus, 1994).

29. Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?
In the short run, spanking seems to work; however, in the long run, spanking is not effective (Holden, 2002)
Models violent behavior
Creates fear of parents
Focuses on what not to do; does not teach what to do.

30. Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?
Children who are spanked are:
more physically violent and aggressive;
twice as likely to attack their siblings;
more likely to steal property, commit assaults, and commit other delinquent acts; and
have lower moral standards and lower self-esteem (Straus, 1994; Straus, Sugarman, & Giles-Sims, 1997).
Outcomes are related to frequency, severity of spankings. All findings are correlational.

31. Appropriate Discipline
Remember
Discipline refers to techniques used to teach children appropriate behaviors; rather than punish.
No technique works all the time and right away.

32. Appropriate Discipline
Recommendations
Manage the situation
Set clear rules and limits
Praise good behavior
Use explanation and reasoning
If you must punish, try removing privileges or using timeouts (a disciplinary technique that involves removing the child from the situation and anything that is encouraging the misbehavior to continue, placing the child in a safe and quiet environment).

33. Mothers and Fathers: Cooperating through Thick and Thin?
Raising children puts a great strain on most marriages.
Vast majority of couples report a significant decline in marital satisfaction in the first year after the births of their first babies.
Most parents work outside the home.
When children are born, couples tend to move toward more traditional gender roles.
Mothers spent 23 hours per week alone with children, whereas fathers spent only 2 hours (Russell & Russell, 1987).

34. Mothers and Fathers: Cooperating through Thick and Thin?
Types of time spent with mothers and fathers is different.
Fathers’ play tends to be more physical and rough-and-tumble, while mothers’ play tends to be more toy-oriented and verbal (Park, 1996; Russell & Russell, 1987).
Cultural differences.

35. Questions Which parenting style is the most effective?
Democratic ✔
Uninvolved ✗
Permissive ≈
Authoritarian ≈
What if parents do not share the same parenting style?
Need to have complementary parenting styles
Authoritarian + Permissive