2. HARVARD REFERENCING (AUTHOR AND DATE SYSTEM)

3. PURPOSE OF REFERENCING When you are writing a piece of academic work, you will be researching and reading a lot of work done by others to help you formulate your ideas and arguments. You need acknowledge where you found the information not only because it is fair to give credit to the person whose hard work you are using, but also to avoid plagiarism.

4. Components to referencing There are two components to referencing: in-text citations in your paper the reference list at the end of your paper.

5. End Reference Section The reference section of your work should include all the information about the source of a statement that you used in your essay. References Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education 7th edn. London: Routledge Pritchard, A. (2009) Ways of learning. Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom, 2nd edn. Oxon: Routledge

6. An example: References Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education 7 th edn. London: Routledge Pears, R. and Shield, G. (2010) Cite it right: the essential referencing guide, 2nd edn. Basingstroke: Palgrave MacMillion Pritchard, A. (2009) Ways of learning. Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom, 2 nd edn. Oxon: Routledge Once you have all your references, you should organize each source alphabetically by the author. Organizing your reference list

7. Under the Harvard system, the order you present the information for each of your sources has to be done in a particular way. Referencing a book: For example: Pears, R. and Shield, G. (2010) Cite it right: the essential referencing guide, 2 nd edn. Basingstroke: Palgrave MacMillion Author/s /editor’s surname and initials Year of publication in round brackets Title in italics or underlined The edition – if it is not the first edition Place of publication Publisher

8. Authors, Year of publication, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication. Referencing a book for 2 or 3 authors: For example: Author/s /editor’s surname and initials Year of publication in round brackets Title in italics or underlined Publisher Place of publication Sharp, JA, Peters, J & Howard, K 2002, The management of a student research project, Gower, Aldershot, England.

9. Referencing a book for 4 or more authors: It is discretionary as to whether you list all authors and also whether you use ‘et al.’ or ‘and others’ For example : Author/s /editor’s surname and initials, add ‘et al.’ for four or more authors Year of publication in round brackets Title in italics or underlined Edition Place of publication followed by colon Publisher Campbell, N. A. et al. (2008) Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.

10. Referencing an e-book For example : Bell, J. (2002) Learning from your research: getting more from your data. Dawsonera [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed 26 April 2012) Author/s /editor’s surname and initials Year of publication in round brackets Title in italics or underlined Name of the e-book collection The phrase ‘online’ in square brackets The words ‘available at’ followed by the URL of the e- book The word ‘accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information in round brackets

11. Referencing a journal article For example : Wakefield, C. and Smith, D. (2001) ‘From strength to strength: a single case study of PETTLEP imaginary frequency’ The sports psychologist September (5) pp. 305-320 Author/s /editor’s surname and initials Year of publication in round brackets Title of article in single quotation marks Title of journal in italics or underlined Issue Volume – in Arabic numbers The page numbers

12. Referencing an online journal article For example : McAleese, R. (1998) ‘The knowledge arena as an extension to the concept map: Reflection in action’ Interactive learning environments 6 (3) pp.225 -272 EBSCO Electronic Journals Service [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date) Author’s surname and initials Year of publication in round brackets Title of article in single quotation marks Title of journal in italics or underlined Issue Volume – in Arabic numbers The page numbers The name of the collection in italics or underlined The phrase ‘Online’ in square brackets The words ‘Available at’ followed by the URL of the online journal article The word ‘ Accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information in round brackets

13. Referencing an online newspaper For example : Randerson, J. (2008) Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. [Online] 26th February. p.14. Available from: http://theguardian.co.uk. [Accessed: 22nd May 2012]. Author’s surname and initials Year of publication in round brackets Title of article in italics Title of the newspaper in italics Online in square brackets Day and month of the article Page number Available from the name of the website The word ‘accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information in round brackets

14. Referencing a website For example : Palgrave MacMillan (2001) Skills for study Available at: URL (Accessed: 26 April 2012) Author/ Publishing organisation The year the site was published or last updated in round brackets Title of the internet site in italics or underlined The words ‘Available at’ followed by the URL of the webpage The word ‘Accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information

15. Referencing photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations For example : The full reference should direct the reader to the source (eg the book or website) from which the item was taken. The citation would normally be given after the title of the figure, table, diagram, etc Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones, 2008, p.54). figure

16. Referencing photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations For example : If the source of the data is not the author's own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such. (Increase in population in United Nations, 1975, cited in Smith, 2005, p.33) figure

17. Referencing photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations For example : If you use a table/graph, etc. from a source and then adapt it to use in your own assignment, you must make that clear in your reference. Figure 1, Title, based on Smith, 2005, p.22. figure

18. Referencing Films /DVD/VHS For example : Chicken Run. (2000) Animated Film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: Pathe Distribution. Title in italics Year of distribution Material type Directed by Place of distribution Distribution company Requiem for a Dream. (2000) Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD] UK: Momentum Pictures. Title in italics Year of distribution Material type Directed by Place of distribution. Distribution company

19. Referencing Corporate authors groups, committees, companies For example : GREAT BRITAIN. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. (1977) Tidal Power Barrages in the Severn Trent Estuary: Recent Evidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers 23) Title in capital letters Year of distribution Title of publication in italics Place of publication Publisher Report number

20. Referencing chapters in edited books For example : Marshall, W. A. (1975) The Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Development. In SANTS, J. & BUTCHER, H. J. (eds.). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd. Author’s surnames and initials Year of publication Title of the chapter in italics Initials of author in capital and edited books Book title Place of publication Publisher

21. Referencing a website For example : BBC NEWS. (2008) Factory gloom worst since 1980. [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569. stm. [Accessed: 19th June 2012]. Initials of website in capitals and italics Year in brackets in italics Title of the website in italics Online in square brackets in italics Available from in italics Date of accessing in square brackets in italics

22. Referencing a television program For example : Yes, Prime Minister. (1986). Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast, BBC2, Interview. In: Panorama, [3 Mar. 2200 hrs.] Title of the program in Italics Year in round brackets Episode in series Network Broadcaster Date and time in square brackets

23. The work of one author referred to by another author For example : figure You should always try to track down the original work, but if this is not possible and you intent to cite the ideas of one author that you have found in the work of another, your in- text citation must include the author of the ideas you are using, the source in which you found them, and the page number. It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998, cited in Carol, 2001, p.9). In your reference list or bibliography, you should only give the details of the source in which you found the ideas. In the above example, you would include the work by Carol, 2001.

24. What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? A reference list is a list of all the information sources that you have cited in your text. A bibliography is a list of items that you have read, and has informed your thinking, but not specifically cited in your assignment.

25. NUMERIC REFERENCING

26. Numeric Referencing Numeric style and is mainly used by some engineering students. You should only use one style consistently all over your work. A good practice in keeping track of your research is to make a list of references you consulted when you BEGIN your research process.

27. Listing numeric references at the end of your work: The list of numbers are arranged in numerical order at the end of your work in the order they appeared in the text. Never cite a source based on an abstract or you have not seen in full. You should always try to track down the original source. The most popular numeric referencing is the Vancouver numeric referencing.

28. Vancouver Numeric Referencing In the Vancouver Style, a number is assigned to each reference as it is used. Even if the author is named in your text, a number must still be used. The original number assigned to the reference is used each time that reference is cited in the text. The first reference you cite will be numbered 1 in the text, and the second reference you cite will be numbered 2, and so on. References are listed in numerical order in a bibliography at the end of your report. The references in the bibliography must follow a set format

29. Vancouver referencing for one author of a book For example : Butler S.W. Secrets from the Black Bag. London: The Royal College of General Practitioners; 2005. Initials of the author and the surname Title of the book in italics Place of publication Name of the publisher Year of publication

30. Vancouver referencing for two to six authors of books For example : Cheers B, Darracott R, Lonne B. Social care practice in rural communities. Sydney: The Federation Press; 2007. Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s) Title of the book in italics Place of publication Name of the publisher Year of publication

31. Vancouver referencing for six or more authors of boo ks For example : Hofmeyr GJ, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z, Crowther CA, Gulmezoglu AM, Hodnett ED et al. A Cochrane pocketbook: Pregnancy and childbirth. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2008. Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s) add et al for six or more authors. Title of the book in italics Place of publication Name of the publisher Year of publication

32. Vancouver referencing for electronic books For example : Bartlett A. Breastwork: Rethinking breastfeeding [monograph online]. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press; 2005 [cited 2009 Nov 10]. Available from: NetLibrary Initials of the author and the surname Title of the book in italics Type of medium field Place of publication Name of the publisher Year of publication Date accessed Name of database

33. Vancouver referencing for chapter in a book For example : Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical gynaecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005. Chapter 29, p.1103-33 Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s) Title of the book in italics Edition Place of publication Name of the publisher Year of publication Chapter name, page number

34. Vancouver referencing for chapter in an edited book For example : Rowlands TE, Haine LS. Acute limb ischaemia. In: Donnelly R, London NJM, 2nd ed. West Sussex. Blackwell Publishing; 2009 Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s) Title of the book in italics About the book Edition Place of publication Name of publisher Year of publication

35. Vancouver referencing for Newspapers and Articles For example : Purdon F. Colder babies at risk of SIDS. The Courier Mail 2010 Mar 8:9 Initials of the authorand the surname Title of the article in italics Title of the newspaper Year and month of publication Volume

36. Vancouver referencing for Journal Articles For example : Snowdon J. Severe depression in old age. Medicine Today. 2002 Dec;3(12):40-47. Initials of the author and the surname Title of the book in italics Title of the Journal Year of publication Date of publication Volume number Page number

37. Vancouver referencing for Reports and Government Publications For example : Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. 24 p. Report No.:HETA2000-0139-2824 Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s) Title of the report in italics Publisher Place of publication Year and month of publication Pages and report number

38. Vancouver referencing for Video or DVD For example : Robinson J. Examination of the term neonate: A family centred approach [DVD].South Hurstville, NSW: Midwifery Educational Services; 2005. 1 DVD: 37 min., sound, colour, 4 ¾ in.Computer Program Programmer Author/producer Title of the video/DVD in italics Place of publication Name of the publisher Year of publication Physical description

39. Vancouver referencing for Television or Radio Program For example : Morgan L.P; The medical profession in the 1990’s television broadcast]. The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York, Washington D.C.: Public Broadcasting Service; 1993 Oct 11 Initials of the author and the surname Title of the program in italics Title of the series Place of publication Name of the distributer Year and date of publication

40. THE END