1. Metabolic Processes - Part II
Test Review

2. Part A: True and False

3. Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present.
A. True
B. False

4. Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present.
A. True
B. False

5. Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various functions.
A. True
B. False

6. Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various functions.
A. True
B. False- relatively slow controlled

7. The function of enzymes in a biochemical pathway is to speed the reactions up in order to produce product more efficiently.
A. True
B. False

8. The function of enzymes in a biochemical pathway is to speed the reactions up in order to produce product more efficiently.
A. True
B. False - control the reactions

9. Glucose is the initial electron acceptor.
A. True
B. False

10. Glucose is the initial electron acceptor.
A. True
B. False

11. Krebs cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria.
A. True
B. False

12. Krebs cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria.
A. True
B. False

13. The electron transport chain is located on the inner portion of the cell membrane.
A. True
B. False

14. The electron transport chain is located on the inner portion of the cell membrane.
A. True
B. False - inner mitochondrial membrane

15. When oxygen is scarce in human muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation takes place in order to keep glycolysis running.
A. True
B. False

16. When oxygen is scarce in human muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation takes place in order to keep glycolysis running.
A. True
B. False - lactic acid fermentation

17. The ultimate metabolic waste product from the metabolism of proteins is ammonia.
A. True
B. False

18. The ultimate metabolic waste product from the metabolism of proteins is ammonia.
A. True
B. False

19. Fatty acids need to be metabolized to pyruvate before they can enter Krebs cycle.
A. True
B. False

20. Fatty acids need to be metabolized to pyruvate before they can enter Krebs cycle.
A. True
B. False - acetly-CoA

21. In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate in order to keep resupplying glycolysis with NAD+.
A. True
B. False

22. In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate in order to keep resupplying glycolysis with NAD+.
A. True
B. False

23. Through ethanol fermentation, yeast are able to metabolize glucose to ethanol and produce distilled spirits of around 40% alcohol directly.
A. True
B. False

24. Through ethanol fermentation, yeast are able to metabolize glucose to ethanol and produce distilled spirits of around 40% alcohol directly.
A. True
B. False - 12% alcohol directly

25. Part B: Multiple Choice

26. Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions?
a. yeast causing bread dough to rise
b. bacteria working in an aeration tank at a sewage plant
c. bacteria in the soil help in composting
d. alcohol is produced in fermentation
e. sewage breaks down in a septic tank

27. Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions?
a. yeast causing bread dough to rise
b. bacteria working in an aeration tank at a sewage plant
c. bacteria in the soil help in composting
d. alcohol is produced in fermentation
e. sewage breaks down in a septic tank

28. Which of the following would you expect yeast cells to be able to use for anaerobic respiration?
a. maltose
b. fructose
c. sucrose
d. glucose
e. all of the above

29. Which of the following would you expect yeast cells to be able to use for anaerobic respiration?
a. maltose
b. fructose
c. sucrose
d. glucose
e. all of the above

30. In which of the following situations would you least expect to find anaerobic respiration occurring?
a. a vat in which beer is being manufactured
b. a human brain engaged in writing this test
c. the inside of a bacterium living inside a human intestine
d. a runner's leg muscle during a 400m dash
e. the sediments at the bottom of a pond

31. In which of the following situations would you least expect to find anaerobic respiration occurring?
a. a vat in which beer is being manufactured
b. a human brain engaged in writing this test
c. the inside of a bacterium living inside a human intestine
d. a runner's leg muscle during a 400m dash
e. the sediments at the bottom of a pond

32. During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following is the most common type of reaction to take place in the cell?
a. hydrolysis
b. condensation
c. neutralization
d. redox e. dehydration

33. During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following is the most common type of reaction to take place in the cell?
a. hydrolysis
b. condensation
c. neutralization
d. redox e. dehydration

34. The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react?
a. the activation energy is reduced by a higher pressure inside the cell
b. the activation energy is reduced by a higher temperature inside the mitochondrion
c. the activation energy is reduced by enzymes
d. the activation energy is reduced by inorganic catalysts
e. none of the above

35. The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react?
a. the activation energy is reduced by a higher pressure inside the cell
b. the activation energy is reduced by a higher temperature inside the mitochondrion
c. the activation energy is reduced by enzymes
d. the activation energy is reduced by inorganic catalysts
e. none of the above

36. Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways?
a. catabolic and synthetic b. glycolytic and aerobic
c. aerobic and catabolic
d. anaerobic and catabolic
e. anaerobic and anabolic

37. Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways?
a. catabolic and synthetic b. glycolytic and aerobic
c. aerobic and catabolic
d. anaerobic and catabolic
e. anaerobic and anabolic

38. What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation?
a. accept electrons during Krebs cycle
b. hydrolyze carbohydrates
c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis
d. supply hydrogen ions
e. supply electrons for the reduction of NADP

39. What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation?
a. accept electrons during Krebs cycle
b. hydrolyze carbohydrates
c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis
d. supply hydrogen ions
e. supply electrons for the reduction of NADP

40. Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP?
a. the combination of hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to form water
b. the breakdown of water
c. the cytochromes
d. an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
e. oxygen

41. Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP?
a. the combination of hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to form water
b. the breakdown of water
c. the cytochromes
d. an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane e. oxygen

42. At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidase
b. pyruvate
c. co-enzyme A
d. ATP
e. water

43. At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidase
b. pyruvate
c. co-enzyme A
d. ATP
e. water

44. Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles?
a. centrioles b. mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. chromosomes
e. nucleus

45. Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles?
a. centrioles b. mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. chromosomes
e. nucleus

46. Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis
Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis. Which of the following modifications takes place?
a. addition of an atom of oxygen b. addition of a phosphate group c. removal of an atom of oxygen d. addition of a hydrogen e. removal of a molecule of water

47. Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis
Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis. Which of the following modifications takes place?
a. addition of an atom of oxygen b. addition of a phosphate group c. removal of an atom of oxygen d. addition of a hydrogen e. removal of a molecule of water

48. In which of the following forms is energy immediately made available for use by living cells?
a. ATP
b. glucose
c. ADP
d. fats
e. starch

49. In which of the following forms is energy immediately made available for use by living cells?
a. ATP
b. glucose
c. ADP
d. fats
e. starch

50. The final product from the electron transport chain that contains most of the electrons is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidase
b. oxygen
c. chlorophyll
d. ATP
e. water

51. The final product from the electron transport chain that contains most of the electrons is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidase
b. oxygen
c. chlorophyll
d. ATP
e. water

52. During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following molecules activates Krebs cycle?
a. citrate
b. pyruvate
c. cytochrome oxidase
d. acetyl coenzyme A
e. carbon dioxide

53. During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following molecules activates Krebs cycle?
a. citrate
b. pyruvate
c. cytochrome oxidase
d. acetyl coenzyme A
e. carbon dioxide

54. Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?
a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration
b. aerobic respiration allows for rapid oxidation during strenuous exercise
c. blood carries more than enough oxygen to support aerobic respiration
d. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic respiration
e. most animals have to breathe air in order to survive

55. Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?
a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration
b. aerobic respiration allows for rapid oxidation during strenuous exercise
c. blood carries more than enough oxygen to support aerobic respiration
d. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic respiration
e. most animals have to breathe air in order to survive

56. At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy originally found in glucose is located in molecules of
a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) b. reduced NAD
c. pyruvate
d. ATP
e. lactate

57. At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy originally found in glucose is located in molecules of
a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) b. reduced NAD
c. pyruvate
d. ATP
e. lactate

58. When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells
a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for glycolysis
b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as an alternative energy source
c. get their energy from oxidative phosphorylation instead
d. produce lactate and release energy that way
e. stop functioning, which results in cramping

59. When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells
a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for glycolysis
b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as an alternative energy source
c. get their energy from oxidative phosphorylation instead
d. produce lactate and release energy that way
e. stop functioning, which results in cramping

60. Proteins and fats may be used in respiration if first they are converted, respectively, into
a. pyruvate and lactate
b. pyruvate and acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate and citrate
d. citrate and oxaloacetate
e. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

61. Proteins and fats may be used in respiration if first they are converted, respectively, into
a. pyruvate and lactate
b. pyruvate and acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate and citrate
d. citrate and oxaloacetate
e. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

62. Amino acids can enter cellular respiration, but first they have to be
a. deaminated
b. hydrolyzed
d. converted to glucose
c. phosphorylated
e. converted into protein

63. Amino acids can enter cellular respiration, but first they have to be
a. deaminated
b. hydrolyzed
d. converted to glucose
c. phosphorylated
e. converted into protein

64. Part C: Short Answer

65. How are the chemical equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?

66. It is the same equation, just reversed for photosynthesis.
C6H12O O2 + 6H2O  6CO2 + 12H2O + energy

67. How can the process of cellular respiration be kept track of?

68. In cellular respiration there are three components to track:
(1) rearrangement of Carbon skeleton (2)production of ATP and (3) reduction/oxidation reactions (REDOX)

69. In the overall reaction for cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

70. Ultimately, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced to form water

71. What is the “final electron acceptor” in cellular respiration?
What molecules transfer or carry the electrons?
(You should be able to identify both of these molecules.)

72. The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is oxygen.
Electron carriers are co-enzymes or cytochromes.

73. Glycolysis
What is another general name for glucose in these reactions?

74. Another general name for glucose is " substrate".

75. Describe the process in which energy is supplied to “kick start” glycolysis.

76. The process where energy is supplied to kick start glycolysis is substrate-level phosphorylation.

77. What is “substrate level phosphorylation”?
Why is it important?

78. ATP is synthesized through the action of an enzyme directly on a respiratory substrate.

79. The Citric Acid Cycle (aka The Krebs Cycle):
What must happen to pyruvate before it can enter the CAC?

80. Pyruvate must first cross the membranes of the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl co-enzyme A (acetyl co-A) by the removal of CO2 and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH + H+.

81. Why is this part of cellular respiration called the Citric Acid Cycle?

82. This part of cellular respiration is called the Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid is a major intermediate created when acetyl co-A and oxaloacetate join together at the beginning of the cycle.

83. How many rotations of the CAC are required for one glucose molecule?

84. Two rotations of the CAC are required for one glucose molecule.

85. At this point in the process of cellular respiration, where is most of energy from glucose stored?

86. At this point, most of the energy from glucose is stored as NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+).

87. The Electron Transport Chain:
How many ATP are produced from one NADH + H+? How many ATP are produced from one FADH2?
What is this process called?

88. Three molecules of ATP are produced from one NADH + H+
Three molecules of ATP are produced from one NADH + H+. Two ATP are generated from one FADH2.
This process is called oxidative phosphorylation.

89. How are the electrons moved in the ETC?

90. Electrons are moved along by a series of electron carriers in order of decreasing electrical potential. At three positions in the chain the energy drop is sufficient to drive the synthesis of ATP.
(Recall: ATP synthesis is an endergonic reaction.)

91. Describe the electron carriers which make up the ETC?

92. The electron carriers are made up of four multiprotein complexes which extend across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

93. How do the large number of folds of the inner mitochondrion membrane assist in this process?
How is this folding related to specific energy requirements of the cell?

94. The large number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane provide a large surface area to accommodate a large number of electron transport complexes. Mitochondria in insect flight muscles and other cells with high energy requirements typically have an extensively folded inner membrane. Cells with lower energy requirements have fewer folds.

95. Describe chemiosmosis completely?

96. Chemisomosis is the theory of ATP synthesis, proposed by Mitchell, which states that a proton gradient is created across a membrane, and as the protons return through a membrane via a channel, ATP is produced.

97. Respiratory Control:
What 2 processes are “coupled” in order to control cellular respiration?

98. ATP synthesis and electron transport are "coupled" in order to control cellular respiration.

99. How do some poisons interfere with respiratory control?
What is the result?

100. Dinitrophenol (DNP) transports protons across membrane (sending them back into the matrix), eliminating the proton motive force, bypassing the ATP synthase channel.

101. Distinguish between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

102. Alcoholic fermentation involves the breakdown of pyruvate into acetaldehyde by the removal of CO2 and finally to ethanol by the oxidation of NADH + H+. This occurs in the absence of oxygen in yeast cells. Lactic acid fermentation involves the breakdown of pyruvate, in the absence of oxygen, to lactic acid by the oxidation of NADH + H+. This occurs in animal muscle cells and in certain microogranisms.