1. CompE 460 Real-Time and Embedded Systems Lecture 5 – Memory Technologies

2. Click to edit Master title style Agenda Prayer/Thoughts The CPU-Memory Interface The Memory Subsystem and Technologies Volatile Memory DRAM SDRAM SRAM DDR RAM Non-Volatile Memory ROM EEPROM Flash

3. Click to edit Master title style Memory What are some different kinds of memory? Volatile SRAM: Static Random Access Memory DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM DDR SDAM – Dual data rate ram RDRAM – Rambus DRAM VideoRAM – Dual Port RAM Non-Volatile Read Only Memories ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM Flash MRAM – Magnetic RAM FRAM – FerroElectric RAM Phase Change Memory – Based on electrically induced phase change of chalcogenide materials (has both crystaline and non-crystaline states)

4. Click to edit Master title style Memory Cont In a PC, what do you normally use? Volatile main memory Memory Modules Non-Volatile BIOS EEPROM/Flash

5. Click to edit Master title style Memory subsystems generally consist of multiple chips Both volatile and non-volatile And/or multiple chips for each Depending on system, each chip provides few bytes (e.g., 1 ­ 4) per access (like in a PC system), or each provides all bytes for an access (like in most embedded systems) Bytes from multiple chips are accessed in parallel to fetch words Memory controller decodes/translates address and control signals Memory Subsystem Components

6. Click to edit Master title style Volatile Memory Forgets memory when power is turned off Usually volatile is much faster than non-volatile memory Many types of volatile memory – Usually comes in 2 flavors Asynchronous SRAM: Static Random Access Memory –upside: fast and no refresh required –downside: not so dense and not so cheap –often used for caches DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory –upside: very dense (1 transistor per bit) and inexpensive –downside: requires refresh and often not the fastest access times –often used for main memories Synchronous SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM – refers to the fact that this DRAM is tied to a common clock with the uproc, so all data is read/write on a particular clock edge (either rising or falling) DDRAM – Dual data rate ram – data is read/written on each clock edge (both rising and falling)

7. Click to edit Master title style Asynch Mem - Static versus Dynamic RAM What is a D flip-flop? Static RAM uses Flipflops for each storage element What is a capacitor Dynamic Ram uses capacitors for each storage element DQ CLK

8. Click to edit Master title style Storage Basics RAM chips don't store whole bytes, but rather they store individual bits in a grid, which you can address one bit at a time

9. Click to edit Master title style CPU ­ Async Memory Interface CPU ­ Asynch Memory Interface usually consists of: uni ­ directional address bus bi ­ directional data bus read control line write control line ready control line size (byte, word) control line Memory access involves a memory bus transaction read: (1) set address, read and size, (2) copy data when ready is set by memory write: (1) set address, data, write and size, (2) done when ready is set address bus data bus CPU Memory Read Write Ready size

10. Click to edit Master title style Storage Basics Cont Row and Column decoders are simple 1 of X decoders (from CompE 224) Example: contains 8 16x1 ­ bit decoders address bus data bus CPU Memory Read Write Ready Size 1-of-16 decoder 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 address 0000 0001 1111 16x8-bit memory array D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

11. Click to edit Master title style SRAM Organization and Operations (a) Address lines/decoders to select a row and a column (b) Chip Select (c) Read/Write enable (d) Data in/out

12. Click to edit Master title style SRAM Memory Timing for Read Accesses Address and chip select signals are provided t AA before data is available Outputs reflect new data 2147H 2147H High-Speed 4096x1-bit static RAM A 11 -A 0 D in WECS D out t RC = Read cycle time t AA = Address access time t ACS = Chip select access time t HZ = Chip deselections to high­Z out old address high impedance undef Data Valid t RC t AA t ACS t Hz new address Address A 11 -A 0 CS WE D out Address Bus

13. Click to edit Master title style SRAM Memory Timing for Write Accesses Address and data must be stable t S time-units before write enable signal falls 2147H 2147H High-Speed 4096X1-bit static RAM A 11 -A 0 D in WECS D in t S = Signal setup time t RC = Read cycle time t AA = Address access time t ACS = Chip select access time t HZ = Chip deselections to high­Z out old address old datanew data t WC t AA t ACS t Hz new address Address A 11 -A 0 CS WE D in tStS Address Bus

14. Click to edit Master title style DRAM Organization and Operations (a) Address lines/decoders to select a row and a column (b) Chip Select (not shown) (c) Read/Write enable (d) Data in/out (e) Refresh counters

15. Click to edit Master title style DRAM Memory Access DRAM Memory is arranged in a XY grid pattern of rows and columns (like SRAM) First, the row address is sent to the memory chip and latched, then the column address is sent in a similar fashion This row and column-addressing scheme (called multiplexing) allows a large memory address to use fewer pins BF533 uses this for DRAM memory maps The charge stored in the chosen memory cell is amplified using the sense amplifier and then routed to the output pin Read/Write is controlled using the read/write logic

16. Click to edit Master title style How DRAM Works

17. Click to edit Master title style Non-Volatile Memory ROM – Read Only Memory – come from factory programmed PROM – Programmable ROM – one time use – programmed with programmer EPROM – Erasable PROM – can use multiple times – need special eraser to reuse them EEPROM – Electrically erasable PROM – Typically slow reading/writing – Can be used “in circuit” – generally small memory footprints Flash – Have to write a block of data – writing is slow, reading fast – will wear out after ~10k to 100k writes

18. Click to edit Master title style Flash Memory

19. Click to edit Master title style Flash Technology - Example This is an 8 Mbit, 3.0 volt-only Flash memory organized as 1,048,576 bytes or 524,288 words.

20. Click to edit Master title style Flash Technology Two cautions for flash memory Flash is usually spec’d as Mb not MB Reading from flash is same as RAM Writing to flash requires a sector write

21. Backup

22. Click to edit Master title style DRAM Performance Specs Important DRAM Performance Considerations Random access time: time required to read any random single cell Fast Page Cycle time: time required for page mode access ­­ read/write to memory location on the most recently ­ accessed page (no need to repeat RAS in this case) Extended Data Out (EDO): allows setup of next address while current data access is maintained SDRAM ­ Burst Mode: Synchronous DRAMs use a self ­ incrementing counter and a mode register to determine the column address sequence after the first memory location accessed on a page ­­ effective for applications that usually require streams of data from one or more pages on the DRAM Required refresh rate: minimum rate of refreshes