1. Sound Production

2. Sound is used in the theatre: To ensure the audience can hear the actors by using microphones. To show the setting e.g. traffic noise can suggest it’s a city/urban environment. To create an atmosphere – e.g. howling wind To create a mood to stimulate emotions in the audience. To link scenes together and to mask scene changes. To make effects to represent physical events that are part of the script e.g. door bell, explosion.

3. Analogue Mixing Desk - to mix and replay sound in performance so that the correct levels are produced and the sound can be heard throughout the space. Digital Mixing Desk – this links to a computer and software. Digital sound can be accessed more quickly and with greater precision. It is much easier to manipulate sound digitally.

4. Hanging Microphone – usually positioned at a distance hanging over the stage and is just for that individual area of the stage. Shotgun Microphone - is used similarly to the hanging microphone. It could be used with a reverberation unit to create an echo effect as performers move to an area of the stage which would become a cave.

5. Dynamic Microphone – It is good for vocals and is widely used as it is robust and does not transmit noise when hand-held. Amplifiers – they take small voltages and currants and make them into much larger ones that can power a loudspeaker – they make the sound larger.

6. Radio microphone – The microphones can be attached to clothing or the head/face and solve the problem of trailing cables. The battery pack is hidden on the actor and the aerial and receiver are positioned elsewhere to receive signals and send them to the mixing desk. Boundary microphone – can be placed on the floor or a table and are not visible to an audience. Loudspeaker – Lets the sound out! There are different kinds of speakers – some are more powerful than others and some project low frequencies better or high frequencies better.

7. Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects which are added in to film, games and plays. These reproduced sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors and breaking glass. It helps to create a sense of reality within a scene. Without these crucial background noises, movies feel unnaturally quiet and uncomfortable.sound effectsbackground noises Common Foley tricks: Corn starch in a leather pouch makes the sound of snow crunching A pair of gloves sounds like bird wings flapping An arrow or thin stick makes a whoosh An old chair makes a controllable creaking sound A water soaked rusty hinge when placed against different surfaces makes a creaking sound. Different surfaces change the sound considerably A heavy staple gun combined with other small metal sounds make good gun noises A metal rake makes a fence sound (it can also make a metallic screech when dragged across a piece of metal) A heavy car door and fender can create most of the car sounds needed but having a whole car in the studio is better Burning plastic garbage bags cut into strips makes a cool sound when the bag melts and drips to the ground Gelatin and hand soap make squishing noises Frozen romaine lettuce makes bone or head injury noises Coconut shells cut in half and stuffed with padding makes horse hoof noises Cellophane creates crackling fire effects A selection of wooden and metal doors are needed to create all sorts of door noises but also can be used for creaking boat sounds A heavy phone book makes body-punching sounds

8. SAMPLE CUE SHEET Cue No Sound FX Music Source- CD Live Macbook Phone Cue Length/ Time Cue to StopLevel Fade instructions 1 Birds tweeting Phone SFX App When mother answers door knock 10 seconds When door flat closes 4 Snap fade 2Theme from ‘The Exorcist’ CDWhen John says ‘What happened to the lights?’ and lights flicker 40 secondsWhen lights fade at end of scene 2 – quietly in Background Slow fade down

9. Glossary of Sound Words Amplify – to make a sound louder Background Music - often abbreviated "BGM.", appropriate music designed, composed, and utilised to enhance the mood of a play. Crossfade -: a technique commonly used in audio editing, in which one sound is faded out as another fades in, allowing for a seamless transition between the two sounds. Cue -. a signal, given as a word (usually "go") and used to signal an the playback of a sound effect. FOH - "Front-of-House." The location in an auditorium or theatre that is opposite the stage, typically the mixing position for live shows. It is worthy to note that theatrical mix positions are usually at the rear of the house. Looping – joining the end of a sound or ‘sample’ to its beginning to create a continuous sound.

10. Glossary of Sound Words Microphone – instrument that picks up sound Feed back – high pitch wailing from speakers. Usually levels are too high or microphones are too close to speakers. MIDI –"Musical Instrument Digital Interface." A digital communications standard which enables communication between musical instruments. MIDI has expanded to include communication with lighting boards, computers, sequencers, consoles, effects processors, and the like. Mixer -, a mixer, or mixing desk, or mixing console, or sound desk, or sound console, or desk, or recording console, is an audio device used to combine multiple inputs into multiple outputs, with controls by which an operator can adjust relative levels. Reverberation sound waves that continue to bounce around a space after the sound source has ended. Underscoring – a technique which uses music/sun to stimulate an emotional response in the audience. The music works perfectly with the action on stage.

11. MUSIC FOR CREATING TENSION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rW23RsUTb 2Y

12. ALTERNATIVE SOUNDTRACKS MARY POPPINS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T5_0AGdFi c FROZEN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eD2Updhb wA