1. THE CIVIL WAR (1861 TO 1865)

2. THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS
April 12th, 1861 – Confederate troops attacked a federal outpost at Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina
Union troops surrendered after 34 hours of cannon blasts
No one was killed, but the Civil War began
*Union = North (blue uniforms)
*Confederacy = South (gray uniforms)

3. ADVANTAGES NORTH SOUTH More industry Exports to Europe doubled
Larger population
Better banking system
Better network of roads, canals, and railroads
Strong military tradition
Brilliant officers (military commanders)
Large farms to supply food for its troops
Knowledge of the wilderness, weaponry, and horseback riding

4. UNIFORMS (DO NOT COPY)
UNION (NORTH)
CONFEDERACY (SOUTH)

5. COTTON DIPLOMACY
Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, believed that Great Britain would support the Confederacy because it needed the South’s raw cotton to supply its booming textile industry

6. GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT
Union general who developed a two-part strategy that took advantage of Union strengths:
ONE – destroy the South’s economy with a naval blockade of southern ports
TWO – gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the South

7. UNION AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES
Both armies relied on volunteers
Most soldiers were inexperienced
Discipline and drill turned raw volunteers into an efficient fighting machine
Confederate troops rose up to defend their lands and way of life

8. FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN
July First major battle of the Civil War
Confederate victory that shattered the North’s hopes of winning the war quickly
Rebel (Confederate) forces led by Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson held firmly in place against advancing Union troops

9. GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN
Union general who assembled a highly disciplined force of 100,000 soldiers called the Army of the Potomac
Hesitated to attack Confederate forces in Virginia in 1862 because he overestimated the size of their army

10. GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE
Became commander of Confederate forces in June 1862
Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point
He was willing to take risks and make unpredictable moves to throw Union forces off balance

11. SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
August Stonewall Jackson’s Confederate forces crushed Union General John Pope’s army
Major accomplishment = most of the Union forces were forced to retreat

12. BATTLE OF ANTIETAM September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creek in Maryland
This was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War and in U.S. military history
Union suffered 12,000 casualties; Confederates suffered 13,000 casualties
Shifted control of the Civil War from the South to the North; Union gained an edge over the Confederacy
General McClellan refused to use reserve soldiers at Antietam because he thought General Lee was gathering reserves for a counterattack
*(Do not copy) – More soldiers were killed and wounded during this battle than the deaths of all Americans in the American Revolution, War of 1812, and the Mexican-American War combined

13. BATTLE OF ANTIETAM (PAINTING)

14. NAVAL BATTLES Union had a large fleet and experienced naval commanders
North’s industry allowed Union to keep building ships
Union navy found it difficult to maintain its blockade on southern ports since it had to patrol thousands of miles of coastline
Britain provided the South with ironclads – ships heavily armored with thick metal plating made of iron
Both sides used ironclads which marked the end of the use of wooden warships powered by sail and wind

15. MERRIMACK (CONFEDRACY) VS. MONITOR (UNION)

16. WAR IN THE WEST
The goal of the Union army in the West was to gain greater control of the Mississippi River
April 1862 – The Battle of Shiloh – gave the Union greater control of the Mississippi River valley
General Ulysses S. Grant was the Union commander

17. BATTLE OF SHILOH (PAINTING)

18. GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT
President Abraham Lincoln was disappointed in the cautious and hesitant General George McClellan, so he turned to Grant to lead the western campaign
Grant was bold and restless and wanted to be on the offensive
He was qualified to lead an army since he proved his strength in battle during the Mexican-American War

19. ULYSSES S. GRANT (PHOTO)

20. SIEGE OF VICKSBURG May 1863 in Vicksburg, Mississippi
Grant’s troops and Union Admiral David Farragut’s fleet shelled the Confederate city repeatedly and cut off food supplies
Significance of the battle = gave Union total control over the Mississippi River, which was a turning point during the war
*(Do not copy) – As food ran out in Vicksburg, residents and soldiers had to eat horses, rats, and dogs. Once the Confederates surrendered, Grant sent food to the city

21. SIEGE OF VICKSBURG (PAINTING)

22. BATTLES IN THE FAR WEST
The Union halted several attempts by Confederate armies to control lands west of the Mississippi early in the war
Many Native Americans joined the Confederacy because they hoped southern leaders would give them more independence
March 1862 – Battle of Pea Ridge (Arkansas) – Union successfully defended Missouri

23. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
September 22, This was an order issued by Lincoln that called for all Confederate slaves to be freed
Lincoln believed abolition of slavery would help the North win the war
The proclamation stated that African-Americans should have the same rights of life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that were stated in the Declaration of Independence
He announced the proclamation after the Union victory at Antietam since the Union was in a position of strength
Many northern Democrats did not like the proclamation since they feared freed slaves would take white jobs at lower wages

24. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (PAINTING AND TEXT)

25. AFRICAN AMERICANS
Many free African-Americans and escaped slaves formed their own units in the Union army
If blacks were captured by the Confederacy, they were killed or sold into slavery
54th Massachusetts Infantry – African-American unit led a heroic charge on South Carolina’s Fort Wagner; over half were killed, wounded, or captured
In 1864, Lincoln proposed that African-American soldiers should be given the right to vote

26. CHARGING FORT WAGNER (PAINTING)

27. HABEAS CORPUS
Copperheads = Americans from the Midwest who sympathized with the South and opposed abolition; they believed the war was unnecessary
Lincoln saw the copperheads as a threat, so he silenced them by suspending the right of habeas corpus
Habeas corpus = constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment
Lincoln jailed enemies of the Union without trial

28. LIFE FOR SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS
Many criticized the Northern draft of 1863 because they felt it favored the rich by allowing them to buy their way out of serving
Some Northerners opposed the Civil War because they felt it was too long and was costing too many lives
Some prisoners of war (POWs) were often held without shelter and given little food
Northern civilians incapable of fighting took over jobs left vacant by soldiers
Many women provided medical care for soldiers
* (Do not copy) - Clara Barton – founder of the American Red Cross; she organized the collection of medicine and supplies to deliver to Union soldiers on the battlefield

29. BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
November Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E. Burnside for the attack on Fredericksburg, VA because he felt McClellan was not daring enough
General Lee forced Burnside’s men to retreat since the Union army was delayed by crossing the Rappahannock River
Lincoln then made General Joseph Hooker the commander of the Army of the Potomac, but he was defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville, VA
McClellan, Burnside, and Hooker all proved to have poor timing and were not aggressive enough

30. BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG (PAINTING)

31. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
July Major turning point - key battle in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania that turned the tide of the war against the Confederacy
The North gained control of Little Round Top (large hill that would have given troops an aerial advantage), which gave them a better position than the South
Lee and his troops retreated and it was the last time that he launched an attack in the North
After 3 days, 75,000 Confederate soldiers and 90,000 Union soldiers had fought during the battle, each side losing around 25,000 men

32. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG (PAINTING)

33. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG (PAINTING)

34. LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
November 19, 1863
Lincoln gave this famous speech at a ceremony of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery
He praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War
He wanted to remind Americans that the reason the war was being fought was to preserve liberty, equality, and democracy

35. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (PAINTING)

36. CAPTAIN AMERICA, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, SPIDER-MAN

37. GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN
Union general who believed in total war – destroying civilian and military economic resources
He destroyed southern railroads, industries, farms, plantations, bridges, livestock, and freed slaves
His capture of Atlanta, GA convinced Union voters that the North was making progress in the war, so Lincoln was reelected

38. THE SOUTH SURRENDERS AT APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
April 1865 – Grant had surrounded Lee’s army in Virginia
Confederate troops were running low on supplies and battle-weary
April 9, 1865 – Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse, VA; The Civil War was over
Legacy of the war - Slavery was abolished and all slaves were freed as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, 620,000 Americans were killed, southern homes and jobs were destroyed, hostility remained