1. Language Learning Styles and Strategies

3. Why do we need to know our students learning styles?
Language learning styles and strategies are among the main factors that help determine
how –and how well –our students learn a second or foreign language

4. Case study
Bu Aminah teach a classroom in which the students have varied learning styles. Budi for examples, he learns best when the activity includes practice and experiments. Mona, on the other hands can study only if the explanation is accompanied with visual illustration . Unlike Budi and Mona, Rahmi can learn only if the class is quite and he can fully concentrate on teachers’ explanantion.

5. Learning Styles What are the Learning Styles ?
→The general approaches to learning
How many Learning Styles are there?
→Four main dimension and many among each

6. Desired Degree of Generality Biological Differences
Learning Styles
Sensory Preferences
Personality Types
Desired Degree of Generality
Biological Differences

7. Sensory Preferences
Visual
Auditory
Kinesthetic
Tactile

8. Visual Preference
Visual students like to read and obtain a great deal from visual stimulation.
Stimulations such as words, images, motion pictures and live performances
Conversation and oral instruction
→might be confusing to them

9. Auditory Preference Comfortable without visual input
Excited by the classroom interactions in role plays and similar activities.
However!!!
→They sometimes have difficulty with writing

10. Kinesthetic and Tactile Preference
Kinesthetic Tactile
Like lots of movement and enjoy working with tangible objects, collages and flashcards.
Instead of sitting still, they prefer walking around the classroom

11. What sensory preference do you prefer?
Q&A
What sensory preference do you prefer?

12. Extroverted vs. Introverted Sensing-Sequential vs. Intuitive-Random
Personality Types
Extroverted vs. Introverted
Sensing-Sequential
vs.
Intuitive-Random
Thinking vs. Feeling
Open/Perceiving
Closure-oriented/Judging

13. Extroverted vs. Introverted
→energy from external world.
→enjoy interacting with people and making friends
Introverted
→energy from internal world
→seeking solitude
They can learn to work with the help from teachers

14. Intuitive-Random vs. Sensing-Sequential
　→Think in abstract, futuristic, large-scale, and nonsequential ways
　→Like to creat theories and prefer to guide their own learning
Sensing-Sequential
　→Like facts rather than theories
　→Want guidance and specific instruction from teachers

15. How do teachers teach them both?
To offer variety and choice
Sometimes a highly organized structure for sensing-sequential learners
At other times multiple options and enrichment activities for another kind

16. Thinking vs. Feeling Thinking →Oriented toward the stark truth Feeling
　→Want to be viewed competent and do not give praise easily
Feeling
　→Value other people in personal ways
　→Show empathy and compassion
Thinking learners can help feeling ones tone down their emotional expression while working together

17. Closure-oriented/Judging vs. Open/Perceiving
　→Reach judgments or completion quickly
　→Enjoy being given specific tasks and deadlines
　→Desire for closure
Open/Perceiving
　→Take learning less seriously, treating it like a game
→Dislike deadlines and like to have a long time soaking up information by osmosis(潛移默化,耳濡目染)
They both provide good balance to each other

18. What personality type do you think you are?
Q&A
What personality type do you think you are?

19. Desired Degree of Generality
Global or holistic
Analytic

20. Desired Degree of Generality
Global or holistic
　→Like socially interaction, communicating events
　→Feel free to guess from context
　→Tend to make grammatical mistakes
Analytic
　→Concentrate on grammatical details
　→Do not take risks guessing from contexts
They both have much to learn from each others

21. Biological Differences
Biorhythms(生物節律)
Sustenance
Location

22. Biorhythms Learners have their best time for studying
Some perform well in the morning; some in the evening…

23. Sustenance The need for food and drink while learning.
Quite a number of L2 learners feel very comfortable learning with a candy bar, a cup of coffee or a soda in hand while some tend to be distracted from studying

24. Location Involves the nature of environment Temperature Lighting Sound
And even the firmness of the chairs

25. Learning Strategies What are learning strategies?
　→Specific behaviors or thought processes that learners use to enhance their learning
How many learning strategies are there?
　→Six main categories

26. About strategies A strategy is neither good nor bad
A strategy is useful if
　→a. It relates well to the L2 task at hand
　→b. It fits the particular student’s learning style
　→c. The student employs it effectively
Enable students to become more independent, autonomous, lifelong learners.

27. Metacognitive Strategies Memory-related Strategies
Six Main Categories
Cognitive Strategies
Metacognitive Strategies
Memory-related Strategies
Compensatory Strategies
Affective Strategies
Social Strategies

28. Cognitive Strategies
Enable learners to manipulate the language materials
E.g., through reasoning, analysis, notetaking, summarizing, outlining, reorganizing, etc.

29. Metacognitive Strategies
Identifying one’s own learning style preferences and needs
Manage the learning process overall.

30. Memory-related Strategies
Help learners to link one L2 item or concept to another, but do not always involve deep understanding
Enable learners to learn and retrieve information in an orderly string
Learners need such strategy much less when they become better

31. Compensatory Strategies
Guessing from context in listening and reading
Use synonyms and “talk around” the missing word to aid speaking and writing
Use gestures or pause words
Help learners to make up missing words

32. Affective Strategies Identify one’s mood and anxiety level
Use deep breathing or positive self-talk
Students who progress toward proficiency seldom need it

33. Social Strategies
Work with others and understand the target culture as well as the language
Intensive interaction with people

34. Assessing Learning Styles →The written survey
　→Students answer questions that reveal their particular preferences
Learning Strategies
　→Self-report, observations, interview, learner journals, etc
　→the most widely used book→Strategy Inventory for Language Learning

35. Thanks for your attention