1. Chapter 13 The American West

3. Section 1 Fight for the West
Describe the conflict between the Native Americans and white settlers.
What were the Indian Wars and their consequences?
How did Native American resistance end?
What was life like on the Indian reservations?

4. Plains Indians
Sioux, Blackfoot, and Cheyenne of the North---- Kiowa and Comanche of the South
White settlers believed that if these groups didn’t settle the land then it was up for grabs.

6. Plains Indians

8. Government policy
In early 1800s Jackson and others forced Indians to relocate from the East. (Indian Removal Act)
By mid 1800s white settlers wanted to settle western lands as well
Government began process of creating reservations—to break up plains Indians and open up land for white settlement

9. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

11. Destruction of Buffalo
Main food supply for Indians
1800 – 60 million buffalo
1894 – 25 buffalo
Cause – less grazing lands for buffalo and military policy to kill buffalo to decrease food supply and force Indians on reservations.
Hunting by Railroad passengers

14. Indian Wars
Sand Creek Massacre - Army troops attacked and massacred surrendering Cheyenne. Cheyenne and Souix stepped up raids.
Little Bighorn - George Armstrong Custer led his troops in headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary victory for the Sioux. The U.S. government was determined to put down the threat to settlers.
Wounded Knee Massacre - Shooting began after a gun went off, and the fleeing Sioux were massacred. This action marked the end of the bloody conflict between the army and the Plains Indians.

15. Results of Indian Wars Massacre of many Native Americans
Native American Resistance increases
Many tribes relocated to Canada or Reservations
Destruction of Buffalo

18. Lt. Colonel George Custer As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever

19. Sitting Bull 1831-1890 Promoted Ghost Dance Movement
Battle of Little Bighorn
Performed in later years in Buffalo Bill’s wild west show
Died on Reservation in South Dakota

20. Remains at Little Bighorn

21. Ghost Dance
The Ghost Dance was a religious movement that inspired hope among suffering Native Americans.
The Ghost dance was remembrance of the fallen and hope for the future.
Newspapers began suggesting that this signaled a planned uprising.
The military killed Sitting Bull while attempting to arrest him in a skirmish.

22. Ghost Dance

23. William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891)
Famous March during Civil War
"All Indians who are not on reservations are hostile and will remain so until killed off."
 Protected railroad workers from Indians

25. Chief Joseph
The government took back nine-tenths of the Nez Perce reservation land when gold miners and settlers came into the area.
Fourteen years later they were ordered to abandon the last bit of that land to move into Idaho.
Chief Joseph tried to take his people into Canada, but the army forced their surrender less than forty miles from the Canadian border.
Chief Joseph and many others were eventually sent to northern Washington.

26. Chief Joseph (1840?-1904) was known to his people as "Thunder Traveling to the Loftier Mountain Heights." He led his people in an attempt to resist the takeover of their lands in the Oregon Territory by white settlers.

27. Geronimo
The Apache people were moved onto a reservation near the Gila River in Arizona.
Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious gathering there, and Geronimo and others fled the reservation.
They raided settlements along the Arizona-Mexico border for years before finally being captured in 1886.
Geronimo and his followers were sent to Florida as prisoners of war. His surrender marked the end of armed resistance in the area.

28. Geronimo became a war-chief when sixteen years old, and for almost fifty years led a band of Indian raiders; was a constant terror to the settlers in the Southwest

29. Americanization
Bureau of Indian Affairs – began issuing orders to erase Indian tradition
The Dawes Act 1887 – Gave Indians private property to help Americanize them.

31. Section 2 Mining and Ranching
How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
How did mining become big business?
How and why did the cattle boom come to an end?

32. Striking Gold and Silver
California gold rush – 1849
Comstock Lode – Nevada Silver mine worth $500million in silver (1859)
Klondike Gold Rush (1897) – Alaska gold rush.
Thousands of prospectors swarmed areas with gold strikes.
Mining camps became towns in West.

35. A forty-niner pans for gold on the banks of an American River.

36. The Cattle Boom Growing demand for beef.
Cattle farming introduced by Mexico
Ranchers made profits off beef and hides.
Cattle trails ran from Texas to major railroad centers
Cowboys were hired to drive cattle north.
Most were boys between 12 and 18.

41. Famous Cowboys/Outlaws
During the late 1800s, cowboys and outlaws became famous for actions.
Most were exaggerated and now exist in literature, films, and T.V.
Most writers took a “romantic” view of the old west from these men

42. The Cowboys
The Cowboys were a loosely organized gang of outlaws who operated along the Mexican border and frequented towns like Tombstone. They stole cattle from Americans and sold them in Mexico, and vice versa. Stage coach robbery, ambushing teamsters, and all other sorts of mischievous activities were partaken by the Cowboys.

43. Old man Clanton, Ike Clanton, John Ringo

44. Tom McLaury, Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, on view at the Ritter and Ream Funeral Parlor. A large sign read: "MURDERED IN THE STREETS OF TOMBSTONE".

45. Wyatt Earp March 19, 1848–January 13, 1929)
Lawman Dodge City, Tombstone
Best known for his participation in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, along with Doc Holliday, and two of his brothers, Virgil Earp and Morgan Earp.

46. John Henry “Doc” Holiday
August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887
Dentist, but developed tuberculosis
Became sharp shooter an gambler
Friend to Earp, OK Corral

47. Henry McCarty a.k.a. Billy the Kid
November 23, 1859 — July 14, 1881
Outlaw
According to legend, he killed 21 men, one for each year of his life, but he most likely participated in the killing of fewer than half that number
Young Guns

48. Jesse James
Outlaw and most famous member of the James-Younger Gang
Became more famous after death
Ex confederate
Killed by Robert Ford

49. William “Buffalo Bill” Cody
February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917
American soldier, bison hunter and showman
Medal of Honor Winner 1872

50. Enclosure Movement Joseph Glidden (1870)– inventor of barbed wire.
Often caused conflict between open and closed ranches (ranchers and farmers)
Harsh winters in late 1880s caused huge losses in cattle

51. Enclosure Movement

52. Section 3 Farming the Plains
What incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West?
Which groups of people moved to the West, and why did they do so?
What new ways of farming evolved in the West?

53. Incentives for Western settlement
Homestead Act (1862) – 160 acre plots, had to farm land for five years.
Morrill Act (1862) – gave land to states for colleges
Railroads spanned the entire country into west.
1890, US Census Bureau declared frontier closed.

57. Migrating West
Exodusters – African Americans that moved to Kansas to farm. (rumor that Kansas was set aside for former slaves)
White settlers moved because of cheap land.
European and Chinese settlers move west for economic gain.

58. New Farming Methods James Oliver – Sharper plow
Machines were slowly developed to help harvesters
Bonanza farms – Large companies who bought huge farms and ran them like factories.

59. Bonanza Farm

62. Quick Thought
What do you think are the major effects of westward expansion?