1. Patent Analysis of Genetic Engineering Research in Japan, Korea and Taiwan - Assessment of the Research Szu-chia Lo University Library National Cheng-Kung University Tainan, Taiwan losu@mail.ncku.edu.tw Copyright, 2005 © Szu-chia Lo

2. 2 The Study The aim of this study is to reveal the research growth, distribution of research productivity and impact of genetic engineering research in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. This study uses quantitative methods adopt from bibliometrics to analyze the patents granted to Japan, Korea and Taiwan by United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 1991 to 2002. Research Methods Patent Count Citation Count Bradford’s Law Patent Coupling

3. 3 Literature Review The Value of the Research Methods Productivity Research Research Impact Analysis Science Linkage

4. 4 Data and Research Methods 13,055 genetic engineering USPTO patents were identified and included in this study IPC was used as primary key for retrieving the genetic engineering patents 841 JKT patents were studied further (assignee’s country was used for selecting JKT patents) Bradford’s Model was applied to identify the core assignees Patent Coupling was used to reveal the relevance among core assignees

5. 5 Basis Analysis - Productivity Annual Growth 1,088 patents granted annually in average Numbers of patents granted increased dramatically during the period of 1996 to 2002 Three zones of the productivity Initial(1991-1995) Developing(1996-1998) Developed(1999-2002) Withdraw?(2003- ) Countries 42 countries share the patent right of 13,055 patents U.S. is the leading country not only in productivity, but also in research impact

6. 6 Three Zones of Productivity

7. 7 Patent Growth Curve - Logistics

8. 8 Basic Analysis - Research Impact 18,490 patents cited 63,954 times by 13,055 patents. Citation age of most patent citations is from 2 to 8; Higher research impact was shown after the patent was issued 3 years and the impact started to decline after the patent issued 5 or 6 years The countries with higher productivity also show greater impact Japan, Germany, Great Britain and France also demonstrated significant performance in genetic engineering research

9. 9 RankCountryGranted Patents%Times Cited% 1 United States 9,84375.40% 52,247 81.69% 2 Japan 7655.86% 2,276 3.56% 3 Germany 4923.77% 1,425 2.23% 4 Great Britain 4823.69% 1,628 2.55% 5 France 4213.22% 879 1.37% 6 Canada 3892.98% 997 1.56% 7 Netherlands 2001.53% 1,489 2.33% 8 Demark 1280.98% 298 0.47% 9 Australia 1200.92% 261 0.41% 10 Swiss 880.67% 257 0.40% 10 Sweden 880.67% 303 0.47% 12 Belgium 790.61% 155 0.24% 13 Israel 770.59% 223 0.35% 14 Italy 510.39% 117 0.18% 15 Korea 500.38%380.06% 16 Finland 490.38% 287 0.45% 17 Taiwan 260.20%280.04% 18 Austria 240.18%270.04% 19 New Zealand 140.11%290.05% 20 Spain 110.08% 31 0.05% Productivity and Research Impact by Countries

10. 10 Japan, Korea and Taiwan Productivity Japan was granted most patents among JKT Patents granted to Japan cover three GE technical areas; patents granted to Korea and Taiwan were more DNA recombinant related 270 assignees from JKT and only a few of them hold significant numbers of patents Takeda, Hitachi, Takara, Suntory, Ajinomoto and Sumitomo are the top five productive assignees

11. 11 Bradford’s Model - Assignee Analysis

12. 12 Japan, Korea and Taiwan Research Impact 1,111 JKT patents were cited 2,216 times Japan was most cited country among JKT U.S. holds greater impact than JKT self-impact on GE research 334 cited assignees were identified and 98.17% of them were cited limited times The assignees with higher research impact also have better performances in productivity Core assignees are highly self-cited

13. 13 Core Assignees from JKT RankAssigneePatent%Countries 1Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.455.35%JP 2Hitachi, Ltd.404.76%JP 3Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.283.33%JP 4Suntory Limited273.21%JP 5Ajinomoto Co., Inc.232.73%JP 5Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited232.73%JP 7Institute of Physical and Chemical Research151.78%JP 7Japan Tobacco Inc.151.78%JP 9Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd.141.66%JP 9Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Ins131.55%JP 9Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation131.55%JP 9Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.131.55%JP 13Canon Kabushiki Kaisha121.43%JP 13Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha121.43%JP 13National Science Council121.43%TW 13Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha121.43%JP

14. 14 Correlations Analysis of Core Assignees 20 core assignees were included in the correlations analysis Patent coupling technique was used 190 coupling pairs were formed and only 23 pairs shared coupling patents Toyo and Wakunaga gets the highest coupling index among 23 coupling pairs - nucleic acid testing technologies Wakunage, Toyo, Takera, Asahi and Mitsubishi have higher CS comparing to other 20 core assignees

15. 15 Correlations Analysis of Core Assignees - Clusters ClusterAssigneesTechnical Name Sum of CI C1Asahi, Kyowa, TakedaGenes encoding animal proteins0.095 C2Canon, Hitachi, MochidaNucleic acid measurement0.045 C3Japan-Tobacco, Takara, Kirin Introduction of genetic materials0.048 C4Ajinomoto, Chemo, Mitsubishi, Suntory Genetic encoding animal proteins/ Introduction of genetic materials 0.085 Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Classifying

16. 16 Discussions Finding Japan is the leading country both in productivity and research impact in GE research among JKT Core assignees are the potential techniques partners The possible development - Integrating the researches of Plant DNA Recombinant Technology and Agriculture in Taiwan Further studies Other technical areas Science Linkage

17. Thanks Questions and Answers