1. James Leigh, University of Nicosia Tracy Bucco Cultural Geography

2. Geography Fundamentals

3. Fundamentals Hemispheres, continents, oceans Gravity, Tides, Seasons Latitude measure N & S: parallel Longitude measures E & W: touch at poles Main “lines”: –GM –IDL –Equator –Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn –Polar Circles Time Zones, time change National Geographic Globe, www.murrayhudson.com

4. www.maps.com

5. Continents Seven continents: –Europe –Asia –Africa –North America –South America –Australasia –Antarctica Subcontinents: –Central America –Middle East –Central Asia Seven continents, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1918914/posts

6. CONTINENTS ContinentArea sq milesArea sq kms% Land Asia44,485,90017,171,55730 Africa30,269,68011,684,09620.4 N America24,235,2809,354,81816.3 S America17,820,7706,878,81712.0 Antarctica13,209,0005,098,6748.9 Europe10,530,7504,064,8707.1 Australasia7,682,3002,965,3685.2

7. World Oceans by Size 1. Pacific, 155,557,000 sq km 2. Atlantic, 76,762,000 sq km 3. Indian, 68,556,000 sq km 4. Southern, 20,327,000 sq km 5. Arctic, 14,056,000 sq km World Oceans, http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/oceans.htm

8. Earth’s Seasons Earth’s seasons, http://ncisla.wceruw.org/muse/earth-moon-sun/materials/build/material2F/index.html

9. Tides Depend on the gravity from celestial bodies –Mainly sun and moon As the earth spins, the gravity of these bodies pulls the water outward to cause high tides Tides, http://science.howstuffworks.com/tide-table1.htm

10. Longitude & Latitude Longitude & latitude, http://members.shaw.ca/tannasl/image_links.htm Maps, http://fr.mapsofworld.com/world-maps/world-map-with-latitude-and-longitude.html

11. Equal area maps show “correct relative size of landforms.” Equal area map, http://www.claymoreclan-design.com/html/promotional_maps.html Mercator projection, http://www.culturaldetective.com/worldmaps.html Equal area map, http://www.es.mq.edu.au/courses/GEOS264/maps/mapch2/projec.htm

12. 24-Hour Time Clock Conventional clock: 12 hours a.m. and p.m. World clock: 24 hours –Begins at midnight 00:00 hours until 23:00 hours (11 p.m.) 24 hours clock, http://amarketingprograms.com/The-24-Hour-Hot-Product-Formula-Review-Comments-and-Complaints.html

13. History and System In 1884 major nations created a series of standardized time zones. Now world is divided into 24 time zones. Based on GMT or UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) Expressed from GMT e.g.: –GMT +1 …… –GMT -1 …… –Up to GMT +/-12 Adjusted in areas not to interfere with national and regional boundaries Adjusted in some areas for DST (Daylight Saving Time) for periods every year.

14. International Date Line IDL is 180 o E and W Crossing the IDL complicates time calculations (Brick wall). W  E - lose a day, go to yesterday W  E - gain a day, go to tomorrow Redrawn around regions Taveuni, http://www.taveunidive.com/images/map_pacific.gif Taveuni on IDL

15. World time zones Time zones, http://www.radio6767.com/forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=5320

16. Taveuni dateline, http://confluence.org/special/dateline/pic2.jpg

17. Exploring Earth’s Countries ~200 countries Constantly changing depending on political and social forces

18. 23 Top Nation’s populations China 1.3 bn India 1.1 United States 300 m Indonesia 242 Brazil 186 Pakistan 162 Bangladesh 144 Russia 143 Nigeria 129 Japan 127 Mexico 106 Philippines 88 Vietnam 84 Germany 82 Egypt 78 Ethiopia 73 Turkey 70 Iran 68 Thailand 64 D R of Congo 61 France 61 United Kingdom 60 Italy 58

19. Attraction of Cities Civilization congregates in cities Cities offer advantages: –Trade –Services and amenities –Variety of jobs –Opportunity for social/cultural interaction Cities attract those seeking urban lifestyle, variety, services, employment and culture Cities and urban areas are generally found on lowland flat areas (except Nairobi, San Francisco etc) (Tracy Bucco)

20. World’s top 20 cities (population) 1Shanghai15 millionChina 2Mumbai12.9India 3Karachi112Pakistan 4Buenos Aires11.6Argentina 5Delhi11.2India 6Manila10.6Philippines 7Moscow10.5Russia 8Seoul10.4Sth Korea 9São Paulo10Brazil 10Istanbul10Turkey 11Lagos9Nigeria 12Mexico City8.7Mexico 13Jakarta8.6Indonesia 14Tokyo8.4Japan 15N Y City8.1USA 16Kinshasa8.1D.R. Congo 17Lima7.9Peru 18Cairo7.8Egypt 19Beijing7.6China 20London7.5UK

21. (Tracy Bucco)