1. More and more information
Periodic table
More and more information

3. Each Vertical Row is a Period

4. Periods in the Periodic Table
Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go left to right.
each of the rows is considered to be a different period (PERIODic table).
elements have something in common if they are in the same row
Common thing is the NUMBER OF ELECTRON SHELLS OR ORBITALS OR ENERGY LEVELS (all different names for same thing)

5. Practice How many energy levels or e- orbitals does Ca have?
How many total e- shells are there?
How many e- shells does Ce (#58) have?
How many elements are there with only 2 shells?

6. Groups in Periodic Table

7. Groups or families in Periodic Table
The periodic table also has a special name for its columns.
When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group or family.
The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer orbital.
Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons. They are the ones involved in chemical bonds with other elements.

8. Group Names
Every element in the first column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell.
Every element in the second column (group two) has two electrons in the outer shell.
As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many electrons are in the outer shell.

9. Periodic table groups have multiple names
Group names can be 1A for the first vertical column that is the red group here.
2A = the orange
3A = the yellow
So on until
8A = the purple

10. And then came complications

11. Another way to name columns or groups (families)
Sometimes the columns are numbered 1 to 18 as in this slide
So 1A is also 1
2A is also 2
3A is also 13
4A is also 14 and so forth

12. Valence Electrons & the Periodic Table
Valence electrons are those in the outmost energy level of an atom
Atoms in the “A” Groups I through VIII have between 1 and 8 Valence electrons
The Group Number gives the number of Valence Electrons for all atoms in that A Group
The Period gives the energy level that those valence electrons are in

13. Numbering the transitional metals
The 1-18 counting method takes in the transitional metals (lower) and just counts straight across.
Those are called 3B or 13, 4B or 14 , 5B or 15
You don’t have to memorize just recognize

14. Major sections of Periodic Table

15. Families
Here is an overview / review of the Periodic Table

16. Some fun

17. Families
Columns in the periodic table are also called families because they have things in common
Just like your family
These families have names like your family
For example Group I A are the “Alkali Metals”
Group VIII are the “Halogens”

18. IA or 1 is also called the Alkali Metal family
Every element in this family has 1 e- in its outermost shell
These are the most reactive of all metals
Some are common like NaCl or table salt
These get more reactive down the group
These form bases (alkaline solutions)

19. Group II A or 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals
Family IIA or 2 is also called the
Alkaline Earth metals
Have 2 electrons in outermost shell
Also reactive
Magnesium is what makes the white in fireworks and sparklers
Calcium is needed for bones and strong teeth
Metals get more reactive down the Group

20. Group VIIA (17) Halogens
Every element in this family has 7 e- in its outermost shell
These are the most reactive of all nonmetals
Most are found in salts like table salt (NaCl)
These get more reactive UP the group
These form acid solutions
They can be gas, liquid or solid

21. Group VIII A (18) Nobel gases
Every element in this family has 8 e- in its outermost shell except Helium (2 electrons)
These are all gases
These are “inert” meaning unreactive
These get denser going down the group
Air contains small amounts of these gases