1. HPA Roundtable Presentation February 2, 2007 Laszlo Zoltan, VP Sales & Marketing © 2007 Computer Modules, Inc. 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Understanding Transport Streams

2. A video stream created by an MPEG-2 encoder (compressor) that is specifically encoded to be transmitted by modern digital networks and has the following characteristics: 1) It is packetized to 188 byte frames (Historical) 2) It has some basic tables appended to it every 100 milliseconds that conform to: PSI – MPEG standard tables SI or PSIP – ATSC or DVB video standard – tables 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Understanding Transport Streams

3. 1) Short and fixed size packets are amenable to error correction and switching 2) Packets have headers which identify packet types and route packets to proper place in a sequence 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Why Packetization

4. 188 Bytes 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Typical Packet 4 Bytes 184 Payload (Video or Data) But MPEG Header (Not TS Header)

5. The Enabling Technologies for MPEG-2 Transport Streams 1) Video rate analog to digital converters (ADC’s), 10-25 Mhz sampling rate 2) Digital computers fast enough to compute discrete cosine transform (the core algorithm of MPEG compression) 3) Space based Satellites for Video Traffic that use MPEG-2 4) Cheap Memory ICs for frame memories to buffer video frames 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com A Little Background

6. 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Simple A/D Converter

7. Frame Buffers 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Frame Buffers FR 1 Memory FR 2 Memory FR 3 Memory FR 4 Memory FR 5 Memory

8. 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com A Processor Examines the Redundancies in Each Sub Frame (Block)

9. 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Bit of History of MPEG Streams JPEG Created in 80’s Intraframe 25:1 MPEG-1 Created in early 90’s Intraframe for motion 100:1 MPEG-2 Intra + Interframe Created in mid 90’s 200:1 MPEG-4 Advanced version of MPEG-2 400:1

10. 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Multiplexing and Table Structures

11. A collection of information inserted recurringly in a “table structure” in specific locations of an MPEG-2 transport stream to help “humans” and “IRD’s” understand what is being decoded. 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com PSI/SI/PSIP Tables

12. Decoder Oriented: – Encoder bit rate – Time Info – Channel ID’s Human Oriented: – Time Info – Channel ID’s – Cost of Content – Text Messages 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Tables Consist of Two Types

13. PAT (PID 00 – Always) 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com PSI (MPEG) Table Hierarchy NIT PMT 1 PMT 2 PMT 3 PES PIDS PES PIDS PES PIDS (#36,#37,#38) (Assigned PID #23 by Human) (Assigned PID #34 by Human) (Assigned PID #45 by Human)

14. A Typical PAT for A Three Program Transport Stream PID – 00 PAT PID – 23 – Program Map Table for Program 1 PID – 34 – Program Map Table for Program 2 PID – 45 – Program Map Table for Program 3 But, the PMT for Program 2 at PID 34 would show the following PIDs: 36 – Video and PCR 37 – Audio 38 – Data 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com A Typical PAT for A Three Program Transport Stream

15. PIDs can be found at three layers: PAT PMT PES 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Remember!

16. STT– System Time RTT– Rating Region (Voluntary) MGT– Master Guide Table (Memory allocation, etc.) VCT– Virtual Channel Table (All channels or will be channels) 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com PSIP Basic Tables (U.S.) (Content Distribution)

17. PSIP 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com PSIP/ATSC Table Hierarchy STT RRT MGT VCT EIT ETT Base Tables

18. 1) Each channel in VCT is further described in an EIT (Event Information Table) that is good for three hours 2) There must be four EITs in every stream 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Notes About VCT

19. Interesting Notes 1) Some PSIP info can and often is used in cable systems, but the VCT becomes CVCT with different channel properties 2) On cable systems, EIT and ETT are optional 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Interesting Notes

20. Important Note The most important table for decoding is the VCT 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Important Note

21. Several Ways Transport Streams Can Be Carried 1) DVB-ASI – Asynchronous Serial 2) SMPTE 310M – Synchronous Serial 3) IP – Packets 4) FireWire® – Packets 5) USB-2 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com Several Ways Transport Streams Can Be Carried

22. –.8V P-P – Biphase Mark Encoded – 75 Ohm – Self Clocking 11409 West Bernardo Court San Diego, CA 92127 Tel: (858) 613-1818 Fax: (858) 613-1815 www.dveo.com SMPTE 310M