1. Classification (taxonomy)
EQ: What are the methods used to reveal phylogeny?

2. Early Systems of Classification
Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish naturalist (1707 – 1778)
First formal system of taxonomic
organization
Classification system based on
observational studies of morphology
and behavior
Linnaeus’ method of naming
organisms, is still used today:
- binomial nomenclature (Latin)

3. Phylum [Division - plants only]
Taxonomic Categories
Taxonomy: the discipline of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships.
Kingdom
Phylum [Division - plants only]
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

4. Mneumonic Devices King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
(To help you remember the order...use the first letter of each word and make a sentence.)
King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

5. One of these things is not like the other…

6. A panther's taxonomic categories...

7. Phylogenetic Trees
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Represented using a phylogenetic tree, which is a diagram representing common ancestors and lines of descent of an organism.
Each branching point is a divergence from a common ancestor.
Classifies organisms into major taxa (groups)

8. Phylogenetic Trees
Derived characters: newer individual characteristics
Ancestral characters: characteristics shared by the ancestor and the more recently derived organisms
Character state x is a shared-derived character for AB
Character state y is a shared-derived character for ABC
Character state y is a shared-ancestral character for AB

9. The following information can be determined:
Which groups are most closely related?
Which groups are least closely related?
Which group diverged first (longest ago) in the lineage?

10. Tracing Phylogeny
To determine correct sequence of common ancestors in any particular group of organisms, scientists look at:
Fossil record
Homology: character similarity that stems from having a common ancestor (forelimbs of vertebrates)
Molecular data (protein comparisons and RNA/DNA comparisons)

11. Cladistics Systematics
Cladistics: uses shared derived characters to classify organisms and arrange taxa in a type of phylogenetic tree called a cladogram
Hypotheses
Traces evolutionary history
Based on shared derived traits and homologies
Arranged according to TIME