1. Cognitive Domain

2. Hypnosis

3. What is Hypnosis?

4. Hypnosis An altered state of consciousness in which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the subject follows those suggestions

5. History of Hypnosis Franz Anton Mesmer (late 1700s) –Austrian physician –Originated “Mesmerism,” a procedure for physical disorders Afflicted body parts were thought to be cured by passing magnets over the body Some patients fell into a trance and awoke feeling better

6. James Braid (1795-1860) –English surgeon –Coined “hypnosis” Jean Charcot (1825-1893) –French neurologist –Explained hypnosis as a hysterical condition with three stages (lethargy, catalepsy, somnambulism)

7. Hypnotizability Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized Varies from person to person Varies from situation to situation

8. Hypnotizability

9. Hypnotic Techniques

10. Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions Suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors. Hypnosis does not cause behaviors. Hypnosis can lead people to certain behaviors but so can ordinary suggestions.

11. Hypnotic Induction The process by which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject Usually done by voicing a series of suggestions Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone

12. Changes exhibited during hypnosis Lack of initiation Redistributed attention Vivid imagination and fantasizing Increased role-testing Reduced reality testing

13. Performance of Acts Against One’s Will Hypnotized people are not more likely to perform antisocial acts than people who are asked to simulate hypnosis An authoritative person in a legitimate context is sufficient to induce unlikely acts.

14. Hypnotic Techniques: Posthypnotic Suggestions

15. Posthypnotic Suggestions Hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended Technique can be used to encourage helpful behavior changes, such as stopping smoking or losing weight.

16. Hypnotic Amnesia Inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time

17. Applications of Hypnosis: Hypnosis and Memory

18. Hypnosis and Memory There are isolated cases of hypnosis helping recall. Cannot be sure if the memory came back due to hypnosis Cannot be sure if the memory is accurate or one that is created to please the hypnotist

19. Controversy About Hypnosis as an Altered State Social Influence Theory

20. Social Influence Theory Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis. This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis, merely a person’s complying with social demands Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work. Nonhypnotized persons can duplicate many aspects of behavior

21. Divided Consciousness Theory

22. Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing. Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001)

23. Applications of Hypnosis: Hypnosis and Pain Control

24. Pain and Hypnosis Hypnosis does work as a means to control pain. Has a number of practical applications

25. Applications of Hypnosis: Other Hypnotic Claims

26. Placebo Effect Improvement due only to the power of positive expectations People think they will get better so they do

27. Feats of Strength Many feats of strength done under hypnosis can be accomplished without hypnosis.

28. Feats of Strength

29. Age Regression Under hypnosis, the supposed ability to remember earlier periods of time in one’s life Psychologists consider age regression demonstrations unreliable.

30. Meditation

31. A technique designed to create an altered state of consciousness characterized by inner peace and tranquility Attention focused on one thing, often a word of sound or object, until thoughts slow or stop

32. Physiological Effects Slower breathing Slower heart rate Lower muscle tension Lower blood pressure Lower oxygen consumption EEG activity pattern found relaxed, eyes- closed waking states

33. Reduced anxiety levels Lower resting blood pressure Reduced insomnia Improved self-esteem Social openness

34. The End

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