1. History of Computer Science
Mechanical Inventions
Before 1900s

2. Antikythera 80 B.C.E. navigational aid
predicted motion of stars and planets

3. Other Early Inventions
Abacus
Astrolabe (one below dated 1212 A.D.)

4. John Napier
1614 Napier “bones” calculate logarithms

5. Blaise Pascal
Mechanical adding machine ( ), the “pascaline”

6. “First” Calculating Machine
Originally credited Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1671)
, , 
Wilhelm Schickard invented one in 1623 to calculate ephemerides

7. Joseph-Marie Jacquard
Jacquard loom used punched cards for patterns in weaving silk (1801)

8. First Computer Graphics?

9. Charles Babbage
Difference engine: calculate trigonometric and logarithmic tables ( ), completed 1991
Analytical engine: precursor to modern computer (~1834, never built)
Broke Vigenère cipher

10. Ada Lovelace Interested in Babbage’s Analytical engine
First “programmer”
algorithm  program

11. William Stanley Jevons
1869 “Logic Piano” solved Boolean logic problems (syllogisms) faster than could be done by hand
~ 3 feet tall
keys (logical operations) + levers + letters
press keys and appropriate letters appear showing the result

12. Herman Hollerith
Punched cards for US 1890 census data (saved $5 Mil and several years of processing time)
Tabulating Machine Company  IBM

13. Ideas Advance in Mathematics

14. Russell & Whitehead
Write Principia Mathematica, which attempted to construct the foundations of mathematics on a rigorous logical basis.
Bertrand Alfred North
Russell Whitehead

15. Leonardo Torres y Quevedo
: Built some electro-mechanical calculating devices, including one that played simple chess endgames against a human.

16. David Hilbert 1928 (1) Is mathematics complete?
Can every mathematical statement be either proved or disproved?
(2) Is mathematics consistent?
Is it true that statements such as "0 = 1" cannot be proved by valid methods?
(3) Is mathematics decidable?
Is there a mechanical method that can be applied to any mathematical assertion and (at least in principle) eventually tell whether that assertion is true or not?

17. Kurt Gödel
Answered Hilbert’s first two questions in 1931

18. Alan Turing
1936 Answered Hilbert’s last question (as did Alonzo Church) and proved the Halting Problem
1936 Turing Machine
Breaking Enigma
“bombes”
(secret until 1970)
1950 Turing test for AI

19. 1941 Konrad Zuse Developed the “Z3”
first operational, general-purpose, program-controlled calculator

20. 1944 Howard Aiken
1943: Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (renamed Harvard Mark I) for simple arithmetic.
Used by US Navy for ballistics and gunnery calculations

21. 1946 ENIAC vs Pentium 150MHz 16Mb RAM IBM ThinkPad 755 CX:
150x106 +/second
stores 16x106 digits
11.7”x8.3”, 6.1 lbs
5000 +/second
stores 200 digits
10ft tall, 1800 ft.2, 30 tons
[ENIAC considered first electronic digital computer (Mauchly & Eckert) until info. on Colossus released in 1970]

22. 1944 EDVAC stored-program electronic computer
Mauchly, Eckert, and John von Neumann
Maurice Wilkes builds EDSAC in 1948 (based on EDVAC), first stored-program digital computer

23. Grace Hopper Worked with: Credited with: 1944: Aiken on Harvard Mark I
1949: Eckert and Mauchly on UNIVAC
Credited with:
1951: first “computer” bug
1952: first compiler
1959: COBOL

24. Hardware Revolutions
1947: Transistor invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley who were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics.
1949: Jay Forrester invents magnetic core memory
1959: Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor) invent the integrated circuit

25. 1950s Idea Revolutions
1956: Edsger Dijkstra develops algorithms for minimum spanning trees and shortest path in a graph
1957: FORTRAN by John Backus et. al.
1958:
LISP by John McCarthy,
Algol by Alan Perlis, John Backus, Peter Naur, et. al.

26. 1960s More programming languages Fred Brooks: operating systems
Chomsky and Rabin: automata theory
Hoare: program correctness + quicksort
1968: computer mouse by Engelbart
: Hoff and Faggin (Intel) design first microprocessor.
Knuth’s 3-volume “The Art of Computer Programming”
ARPAnet: precursor to Internet

27. 1970s Major advances in database theory (Codd)
UNIX (Thompson & Ritchie), C (Kernighan and Ritchie)
RISC architecture
Cray supercomputers
Advances in algorithms and computational complexity (Karp, Cook)
Public-key cryptosystems (RSA)
Start of Usenet

28. 1980s Rise of personal computers (Jobs and Wozniak, founders of Apple)
1981:
first computer viruses
first successful marketable PC
1984: Apple Macintosh
1987: the US National Science Foundation starts NSFnet, precursor to part of today's Internet.

29. 1990s
Parallel computing
Biological computing e.g. Human Genome Project
Quantum computing
Growth of Internet and WWW
Size/cost decrease and power increase of hardware
Nano-technology