2. Anatomy and Physiology  Eye Sensory organ located in the orbit of the skull Components ○ Sclera, cornea, iris, pupil ○ Anterior chamber, posterior chamber ○ Lens, retina, choroid layer, posterior cavity 2

3. Anatomy and Physiology  Ear External ear, middle ear, inner ear External ear: pinna and auditory canal External and middle ear separated by tympanic membrane Middle ear called the tympanic cavity ○ Contains three bones: malleus, stapes, incus 3

4. Anatomy and Physiology  Ear Inner ear is most sophisticated part Responsible for hearing and equilibrium Consists of vestibule, semicircular canals, round window, and cochlea Cochlea is organ of hearing 4

5. Common Signs and Symptoms  Eye Pain or burning in or around the eye Decreased visual acuity or ability to see Any disorder such as seeing flashes of light Eye redness 5

6. Common Signs and Symptoms  Ear Otalgia Deafness Vertigo Tinnitus 6

7. Diagnostic Tests  Eye Ophthalmoscopy Visual acuity Tonometry Slit lamp Angiography 7

8. Diagnostic Tests  Ear Otoscopy Audiometry 8

9. Eye Refractive Errors  Inability to focus images on retina  One-third of population affected  Types Myopia - nearsightedness Hyperopia - farsightedness Presbyopia – age-related hyperopia Astigmatism - irregularity of cornea surface 9

10. Blepharitis  Inflammation of edge of eyelid, eyelash follicles, and glands  Due to bacterial infection, allergic reaction, or seborrhea  Red, swollen, and crusted eyelids  Treatment: antibiotics, allergy medication, treatment of seborrhea 10

11. Keratitis  Inflammation of cornea caused by trauma or infection  Usually unilateral  Symptoms - photophobia, pain, excessive tearing  Treatment - antibiotic, drops, eye patch 11

12. Hordeolum  Stye - inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of eyelid  Styes resemble pimples  Treatment: warm compresses, topical or systemic antibiotics 12

13. Cataract  Clouding of lens  Causes Change in metabolism and nutrition in lens Aging  Symptom: decreased visual acuity  Treatment: surgery 13

14. Glaucoma  Excessive eye pressure  Slow progression with or without symptoms  Permanent damage can occur before patient is symptomatic  Treatment: eye drops or surgery 14

15. Nystagmus  Constant, involuntary movement of eyes  May affect one or both eyes  Causes: brain tumors, disease, alcohol abuse, congenital defects  Treatment: correct underlying cause 15

16. Strabismus  Eyes fail to focus in same direction simultaneously  Due to muscle weakness in one or both eyes 16

17. Strabismus  Treatment Cover normal eye to train affected eye to function Eye exercises Corrective lenses Surgery 17

18. Macular Degeneration  Degeneration of macular area of retina  Most common cause is age related  Primary symptom: loss of central vision  Treatment: laser surgery to improve vision 18

19. Diabetic Retinopathy  Leading cause of blindness in United States  Diabetes Mellitus causes vascular changes in retina leading to decreased visual acuity  Treatment: laser photocoagulation  Prevention: controlling blood sugar 19

20. Infection of the Ear  Otitis Media Inflammation in middle ear Usually affects infants and young children Serous and suppurative Otitis Media  Treatment Analgesics, decongestants, and antibiotics 20

21. Otitis Externa  “Swimmer’s ear”  Inflammation of external ear canal  Caused by bacterial or fungal infection 21

22. Otitis Externa  Symptoms Extreme pain and fever Pruritus and hearing loss Clear or purulent drainage  Treatment Keep ear canal clean and dry Analgesics and antibiotics 22

23. Mastoiditis  Inflammation of mastoid bone or process  Acute mastoiditis is usually a result of middle ear infection  Symptoms: tinnitus and otalgia  Treatment: antibiotics or mastoidectomy 23

24. Deafness  Affects more than 25 million people  Conductive and Sensory Conductive: ○ Caused by external or middle ear disorders that decrease or stop sound conduction 24

25. Deafness  Causes: impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, ruptured eardrum 25

26. Deafness  Sensory Cochlear or auditory nerve damage preventing sound to be carried to the brain  Cause is related to damaging noise levels and ototoxic medications 26

27. Impacted Cerumen  Cerumen is a soft, yellow-brown secretion commonly called earwax  Causes skin dryness, excessive hair, narrow ear canal, excessive dust  Treatment: ear irrigation 27

28. Otosclerosis  Bony fixation of middle ear bones do not allow vibrations from eardrum to inner ear  Treatment: stapedectomy 28

29. Sensorineural Deafness  Sensory deafness due to damage to cochlea or auditory deafness  May be due to exposure to loud noise  Damage is often permanent 29

30. Motion Sickness  Experiencing nausea when traveling by car, boat, or airplane  Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and vertigo  Treatment: anti-motion sickness medication, rest, and closing eyes 30

31. Corneal Abrasion  Causes Obstruction trapped between eyelid and cornea Ill-fitting or worn contact lenses Accidentally poking a finger in eye Extreme light, as with welding 31

32. Corneal Abrasion  Treatment Remove obstruction Antibiotic ointment or analgesics Pressure dressing to prevent eye movement Reduce pain of photophobia 32

33. Retinal Detachment  Often occurs with trauma, diabetes, and other retinopathies  Symptoms: blurred vision, flashes of light, floating spots  Painless disorder but needs attention  Treatment: surgery 33

34. Ruptured Tympanic Membrane  Common cause is middle ear infection or sticking a sharp object in ear canal  Symptoms: pain, partial loss of hearing, bloody or purulent discharge  Treatment: antibiotics and surgical patching of membrane with tissue graft 34

35. Retinoblastoma  Hereditary malignant tumor of the eye occurring during infancy and childhood  If left untreated, the condition is fatal  Treatment: enucleation, radiation, and chemotherapy 35

36. Meniérè’s Disease  Chronic disease of inner ear  Symptoms: Tinnitus Vertigo Progressive hearing loss Feeling of fullness in ear  Attacks: few hours to several days 36

37. Meniérè’s Disease  Treatment Medications to control nausea Low salt diet Diuretics Antihistamines No smoking  Surgery may be necessary 37

38. Color Blindness  Ability to see color diminishes with age due to yellowing of lens  Inherited  Most common affects ability to distinguish between red and green  No cure 38