1. Chapter 1: Understanding Psychology’s History Chapter 1: Understanding Psychology’s History

2. What do we study? Focusing on knowledge Understanding historical contexts Examining the roots Remembering great individuals

3. Recurrent themes in psychology: The mind- body problem The nature- nurture debates The theorist- practitioner debates

4. Four types of knowledge in psychology Scientific knowledge. Knowledge accumulated through research, systematic empirical observation, and evaluation of a wide range of psychological phenomena. Facts are obtained with the help of scientific research methodologies and rigorous verification by multiple sources.

5. Four types of knowledge in psychology Popular beliefs. Everyday assumptions about psychological phenomena; such assumptions are often expressed in the form of beliefs, evaluations, or prescriptions.

6. Four types of knowledge in psychology Value-based knowledge. A consistent set of beliefs about the world, the nature of good and evil, right and wrong, and the purpose of human life  all based on a certain organizing principal or central idea.

7. Four types of knowledge in psychology Legal knowledge. Knowledge encapsulated in the law and detailed in rules and principles related to psychological functioning of individuals. These rules are commonly established by legal authorities.

8. How ideology affected science: two examples Ideology Scientific and Professional Community Trappidomania, or Pathological Craving for Freedom Trappidomania, or Pathological Craving for Freedom Schizophrenia, Slowly Progressing (Sluggish) Type, Delusion of Reformation Schizophrenia, Slowly Progressing (Sluggish) Type, Delusion of Reformation

9. How some scientific ideas are dismantled Theory, ViewsCritical Points Anton Mesmer formulated a theory about people’s ability to magnetize objects and bodies and affect certain symptoms. Careful investigation showed that the improvement in symptoms was not caused by magnetism as claimed by Mesmer. In addition, there was no verifiable evidence about the existence of the effects of magnetism.

10. How some scientific ideas are dismantled Theory, ViewsCritical Points The term neurasthenia was widely by clinicians to explain the etiology of several dysfunctions, mostly including various forms of anxiety and depression. The concept of weakness of nervous system is vague. The symptoms included in neurasthenia are extremely diverse, and clinicians interpret them according to their cultural or educational backgrounds.

11. How some scientific ideas are dismantled Theory, ViewsCritical Points Ivan Pavlov’s theory suggested the existence of several processes including the strength, the balance, and the speed of nervous processes. The assumptions about the strength, balance, and speed of nervous processes did not find many practical applications and turned out to be rather simplistic.

12. Factors Contributing to the Development of Psychology as Science Resources and Infrastructure Availability of resources creates conditions for the development of science and inclusion of psychology as a scientific discipline. Social Climate Favorable social climate creates an opportunity for psychology to be viewed and treated as a legitimate discipline and profession. Academic Tradition Presence of educated professionals sharing the same principles of understanding of psychology constitutes an academic tradition; this creates a great opportunity for others to join in and develop this tradition further.

13. Theoretical and Experimental Research Societal Impact on Psychological Knowledge Resources Social Climate Academic Tradition Psychological Knowledge Retained in History