1. The Process Essay

2. What is a process?
A process essay explains how to do something or how something occurs.
The process pattern of organization is especially important in scientific writing. For example, it is used to describe biological processes such as T cell lymphocyte production, chemical processes such as the interaction of drugs, and technical processes such as a colonscopy.

3. The definition essay contains an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, and concluding paragraph. Each part has a basic pattern of organization.
An obvious example of process writing is a recipe.

4. Characteristics of Process Writing
Strict chronological order
If the steps described are repeated, the same outcome should always be achieved.
Fixed order
Clarity extremely important
Transitions essential

5. Two Types of Process Writing
Directional Process
Instructions:
Enables readers to perform a process
A recipe, a handout, an operating manual are examples of instruction writing.
Use imperative mood.
Subject of sentences is “you” understood; speak directly to reader.

6. 2. Informational Process
Purpose is to help reader understand how a process is carried out.
Use either 1st person or 3rd person; not second person or imperative mood.
May be in present or past tense, depending on whether the writer is explaining a process that takes place regularly or one that occurred in the past, and on whether the writer or someone else carried out the process.

7. First Person Third Person Present Tense Past Tense
“After I place the chemicals in the tray, I turn out the lights in the darkroom.”
(habitual process performed by the writer)
“After photographers place the chemicals in the tray, they turn out the lights in the darkroom.”
(habitual process performed by someone other than the writer)
Past Tense
“After I placed the chemicals in the tray, I turned out the lights in the darkroom.”
(process performed in the past by the writer)
“After the photographer placed the chemicals in the tray, she turned out the lights in the darkroom.”
(process performed in the past by someone other than the writer)

8. Using Process Writing
College writing for science, literature, history, or any other subject.
Use process writing to persuade or to inform.
A process essay should have a clear thesis statement that identifies the process and tells why it is performed.

9. Planning a process essay
Keep reader’s needs in mind.
Explain reasons for performing steps
Describe unfamiliar materials or equipment
Define terms
Warn readers of possible problems they may encounter.
Avoid ambiguity or surprises
Avoid unnecessary shifts in tense, person, voice and mood.

10. Outline Outline I. Introduction
Thesis: Ingestion, digestion, and absorption are the three major steps involved in the digestive process.
II. Food is ingested.
A. Food enters the mouth.
B. Food is chewed.
C. Food is ready to travel to the stomach.
III. Food is digested.
A. Food is mixed with acidic gastric juices in the stomach.
B. The partially liquid food
moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
C. Enzymes are secreted.
IV. Absorption
A. The digested food passes through the walls of the small intestine.
B. The digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream.
V. Conclusion
Paraphrased Thesis: The digestion process involves three major steps: ingestion, digestion, and absorption.

11. Process Essay Pattern of Organization
INTRODUCTION
1. State what the process is and why it is important.
The digestive process is important in maintaining the lives of living organisms and in providing them with needed energy.
2. Give background information, and define the process.
Groups of organs, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, work together to perform this complex task. Digestion is the process of breaking down food from large molecules into small ones to make it easier for absorption.
3. State the thesis sentence to include the purpose and the main idea of the essay.
The three major steps involved in the digestive process are ingestion, digestion, and absorption.

12. Body Paragraphs a paragraph consists of the following: Topic sentence
Ingestion, which occurs in the mouth, is the first step in the digestive process.
Major supporting sentence(s)
After food enters the mouth, the teeth chew it.
AND
Saliva, which is produced by the salivary glands, plays a major role in breaking down the food into smaller pieces.
Minor supporting sentence(s)
These small pieces travel to the stomach through the esophagus.
When you write an essay body paragraph, you need to remember two points. First, each topic sentence must not only contain the main idea of the paragraph, but also that main idea must be a main point of the thesis sentence. Furthermore, the body paragraphs must be written in the order that the main points are listed in the thesis sentence.

13. Furthermore, the body paragraphs must be written in the order that the main points are listed in the thesis sentence. For example, if you write that the three major steps involved in the digestive process are ingestion, digestion, and absorption , then your first body paragraph must be about ingestion, the second about digestion, and the final body paragraph about absorption.
Concluding Paragraph
1. Paraphrase the thesis sentence.
2. Summarize the main steps of the process.

14. Using transitions Check list of transitions on our textbook
Specifically useful are such transitions as first, second, meanwhile, after this, next, then, at the same time, when you have finished, and finally.
Use transitions to establish sequential and chronological relationships between steps in process.

15. Structure of Process Essay
Introduction: identifies the process and indicates why and under what circumstances it is performed.
Includes thesis
Introduces whatever materials or preliminary steps may be needed.

16. Structure of Process Essay, cont.
Body of essay
one major stage of the process in each body paragraph.
Each stage may involve several steps

17. Structure of Process Essay, cont.
Formal Conclusion
May not be necessary in very short, simple process essay.
Briefly reviews the procedure’s major stages
Reinforces the thesis by summarizing the results of the process, or explaining its significance.

18. Revising Checklist for a Process Essay
Does your assignment call for a set of instructions or a process explanation?
Does your writing style clearly and consistently indicate whether you are writing a set of instructions or process explanation?
Does your essay have a clearly stated thesis that identifies the process and perhaps tells why it is (or was) performed?
Have you included all necessary reminders and cautions?
Have you included all necessary steps?
Are the steps presented in strict chronological order?
Do transitions clearly indicate where one step ends and the next begins?