1. Theories of Gender Presented by : Cassandra Stepp-Bolling For: EWS 425H

2. Background Information Differences Between Sex and GenderDifferences Between Sex and Gender - Sex: What you are biologically born as; XX or XY -Gender: A socially acquired idea; femininity or masculinity.

3. Background Inventive Opportunity (Post Takeover) No exploration No “rough and tumble” No play in general No opportunity for invention Inventive Opportunity (Pre-Takeover) Occupation acted as a catalyst for inventionOccupation acted as a catalyst for invention ScrappersScrappers TanningTanning Cooking surfacesCooking surfaces Herbal remediesHerbal remedies

4. Background

5. The Three Theories Why do we behave the way we do?

6. Karl Marx’s Theory

7. Marx’s Theory There is a separation of class There is a separation of class Conflicts will always occur between the classesConflicts will always occur between the classes History of society is history of class strugglesHistory of society is history of class struggles There will always be the “exploiters” and the “exploited”There will always be the “exploiters” and the “exploited” Classes brought together by a common interestClasses brought together by a common interest Women are one class men are anotherWomen are one class men are another

8. Matriarchy Perplex Was there ever a Matriarchal society?

9. Matriarchy Perplex Women provided 60-80% of foodWomen provided 60-80% of food Women were active in hunting and gatheringWomen were active in hunting and gathering Women were first to control fireWomen were first to control fire Women gave birthWomen gave birth Women bled without dyingWomen bled without dying Most likely women had more power than menMost likely women had more power than men Men were stronger May have acted as a counterbalance Possible equality among men and women

10. Matriarchy Perplex Minoan-Crete most likely a Matriarchal societyMinoan-Crete most likely a Matriarchal society Had major female deitiesHad major female deities Had no dominating male deitiesHad no dominating male deities Can not be proved that it was not a PatriarchyCan not be proved that it was not a Patriarchy

11. Take Over Theory VS. The Replacement of Women’s Power

12. Take Over Theory Reasons For Take Over Males realized their role in procreationMales realized their role in procreation Advances in horticultureAdvances in horticulture Population explosionPopulation explosion WarWar Changes in ReligionChanges in Religion

13. Take Over Theory Advances in Horticulture Domestication of animalsDomestication of animals Invention of a steel plowInvention of a steel plow Large scale irrigationLarge scale irrigation A need to defend territoryA need to defend territory

14. Take Over Theory War War was debilitating for many reasons Women were not as strong as menWomen were not as strong as men Were already socialized not to fightWere already socialized not to fight Weapons made for fighting were in the possession of menWeapons made for fighting were in the possession of men Allowed for women to become slavesAllowed for women to become slaves

15. Take Over Theory Religion Before TakeoverBefore Takeover  Athena  Hera  Artemis  Aphrodite  Gaia  Ma’at  Isis  White Buffalo Calf Women After Takeover  Abraham  Jesus  Mohammed  The Witness of the Mormon Tablets  Buddha  Yu-huang

16. Take Over Theory Religion: Bible Quotes “If a maiden who is engaged to be married, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, …[you] shall stone them to death- the young woman because she did not cry for help…and the man because he violated his neighbor’s wife.” (Deuteronomy 22:23-24)“If a maiden who is engaged to be married, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, …[you] shall stone them to death- the young woman because she did not cry for help…and the man because he violated his neighbor’s wife.” (Deuteronomy 22:23-24) “If a man finds a girl who is a virgin, who is not betrothed, and he seizes her and lies with her… Then the man who lay with her shall give the girl’s father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife, because he has violated her; he may not divorce her in all his days.” (Deuteronomy 22:28-29) “If a man finds a girl who is a virgin, who is not betrothed, and he seizes her and lies with her… Then the man who lay with her shall give the girl’s father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife, because he has violated her; he may not divorce her in all his days.” (Deuteronomy 22:28-29) Judges 19:23-30Judges 19:23-30

17. Women and Technology Today Women are still not well known for their inventions Due to a lack of rights men take credit for many women’s inventions Women are slowly gaining power again: Feminist movement Still in 1998 women only held 10.3% of patents

18. Little Known Women Inventors Bette Graham – liquid paperBette Graham – liquid paper Lillian Malt – “Stephen Hobday’s Keyboard”Lillian Malt – “Stephen Hobday’s Keyboard” Harriet R. Strong – storage dam and reservoir systemHarriet R. Strong – storage dam and reservoir system Ruth Wakefield – Tollhouse cookiesRuth Wakefield – Tollhouse cookies Jeanne Mance – Prepaid healthcare systemJeanne Mance – Prepaid healthcare system

19. Questions?