1. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Comparing Transit Modes Unit 1: Introduction

2. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Outline Transit mode definition. Families of transit modes. Comparison of modes and mode selection in the US.

3. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TRANSIT MODE DEFINITION First, let’s define the transit we’re working with

4. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Transit Mode Definition 4 Basic Characteristics: Right-of-Way (ROW) System Technology Types of Service Organizational Oversight

5. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristic 1: Right-of-way ROW C Mixed Traffic ROW B Physically Separated ROW A Fully controlled Street TransitSemi-rapid TransitRapid Transit Speed of Vehicles Operating & Capital Costs

6. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Examples of ROW Classes Class A: Boston Red Line Class B: Dublin Light Rail Class C: MARTA Bus

7. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Pros and Cons of Rights of Way ROW B ROW A ROW C + Higher performance – speed, reliability, capacity, comfort, safety + Use of longer vehicles + Stronger identity / image + Lower per passenger operating cost + Can be electrified - Require space for ROW - Higher investment - Special signals or control / priority measures + Highest performance + Electric guided technology + High safety + Short dwell time - Highest investment cost - Rigid alignment - Grade-separated stations require land and longer access

8. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristic 2: System Technology Support: Vertical contact Rubber tire on pavement Steel wheel on rail Vehicle on water, mag lev, etc. Guidance: Lateral control Steered by driver Guided by track Propulsion: Power system Diesel engine Electric motor Hybrid Magnetic forces, etc Control: Spacing Manual/visual Manual/signals Automatic

9. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristic 3: Types of Service Trip Served – Short-haul – City transit – Regional transit Time of Day – Regular – Peak – Special Stopping Schedule – See next slide

10. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristic 3: Types of Service Express Rapid Local

11. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristic 4: Organization Oversight On-Demand IndividualsOn-Demand Group

12. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristic 4: Organization Oversight Public Group

13. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Characteristics of Organizational Oversight CharacteristicPrivateOn-DemandPublic DesignationPrivateParatransitTransit AvailabilityOwnerPublic SupplierUserCarrier Route determinationUser (flexible)UserUser (carrier)Carrier (fixed) Time-schedule determination User (flexible)UserUser (carrier)Carrier (fixed) Cost-priceUser absorbsFixed RATEFixed FARE Carrier typeIndividualGroupIndividualGroup ModesSOVCarpoolTaxiDial-a-rideStreet transit MotorcycleVanpoolRent CarJitneySemirapid transit BicycleCar ShareCharterRapid Transit WalkingBike ShareSpecialized

14. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood FAMILIES OF TRANSIT MODES This classification of usage leads us to our

15. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood 4 Major Transit Families Street Transit – Right-of-Way (ROW) – System Technology – Types of Service Semi-rapid Transit – Right-of-Way (ROW) – System Technology – Types of Service Rapid Transit – Right-of-Way (ROW) – System Technology – Types of Service Specialized Transit – Right-of-Way (ROW) – System Technology – Types of Service

16. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Regular Bus Articulated Bus in London (Bendy Bus)

17. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Express Bus GRT Xpress Bus

18. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Trolleybus Trolleybus in Zurich, Switzerland

19. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Streetcars Double Decker Streetcars in Hong Kong

20. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Semi-rapid Transit Modes Bus Rapid Transit Light Rail Transit Automated Guideway Transit

21. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bus Rapid Transit TransJakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia

22. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Light Rail Transit Dallas Area Regional Transit

23. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Automated Guideway Transit Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Airport

24. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Rapid Transit Modes Rail Rapid Transit (Metro) Light Rail Rapid Transit Rubber-tired Rapid Transit Monorail Regional (Commuter) Rail

25. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Rail Rapid Transit (Metro) Atlanta, Georgia

26. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Light Rail Rapid Transit Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in London

27. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Rubber-tired Metro Montreal, Canada

28. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Monorail Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

29. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Commuter Rail Boston, Massachusetts

30. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Specialized Modes Terrain-Specialized – Cable cars – Funicular / inclined plane – Aerial tram Water-based – Ferry

31. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Cable Car San Francisco, CA

32. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Funicular / Inclined Plane Pittsburgh, PA

33. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Aerial Tram Roosevelt Island, NY

34. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Ferrys Seattle, WA Seattle, Washington

35. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood COMPARISON OF MODES & MODE SELECTION IN THE USA

36. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood 2010 APTA Modal Facts # SystemsPassenger TripsPassenger Miles Bus1,2065,256 mil21,013 mil Commuter Rail28464 mil10,874 mil Paratransit6,741190 mil1,494 mil Heavy Rail153,550 mil16,407 mil Light Rail35457 mil2,173 mil Trolleybus599 mil159 mil Monorail2 203 mil1,893 mil Inclined Plane4 Publico1 Aerial Tramway2 Automated Guideway Transit6 Cable Car1 Ferryboat51

37. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Largest US Agencies by Mode Largest Bus Agencies (Unlinked Pax Trips): 1.NYCT 2.LA County MTA 3.CTA (4 for pax miles) 4.SEPTA (5 for pax miles) 5.NJ Transit (3 for pax miles) Largest Heavy Rail Agencies (Unlinked Pax Trips): 1.NYCT 2.WMATA 3.CTA (4 for pax miles) 4.MBTA (6 for pax miles) 5.BART (3 for pax miles)

38. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Largest US Agencies by Mode Largest Commuter Rail (Unlinked Pax Trips): 1.Long Island Railroad 2.NJ Transit 3.MetroNorth 4.Metra (Chicago) 5.MBTA Largest Light Rail (Unlinked Pax Trips): 1.MBTA 2.MUNI (San Fran) 3.LA County MTA 4.TriMet (Portland) 5.San Diego

39. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood New Diversity of Transit Modes More rail being constructed; since 1970: – 7 new heavy rail systems constructed (BART, WMATA, MARTA, Baltimore, Miami, LA, San Juan) – Nearly 20 cities opened or are constructing new LRT systems Resurgence in streetcars and tramways after decades of elimination Buses traditionally non-priority – Buses carry 60% of transit passenger trips – Mostly transit captive – BRT is changing this

40. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Mode Selection Systems Approach: Cities require multiple modes integrated and working together for the highest ridership Choice of modes depends on many factors, including life cycle costs, LOS, economy, impact on surrounding, passenger attraction and livability

41. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood DISCUSSION TOPIC Google Bus in San Fransisco (e.g. Private Bus Services) – Function – Family – Characteristics – Pros & Cons

42. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Conclusions Understanding the differences in transit modes is critical Cities often require multiple modes integrated and working together for high ridership Make the mode fit the service instead of the service fit the mode – rest of course focuses on service

43. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Reference Materials in this lecture were taken from: Vukan Vuchic, “Urban Transit Operations, Planning and Economics” (2005). Dickens, Matthew, John Neff, and Darnell Grisby. "APTA 2012 Public Transportation Fact Book." (2012).