1. 主動微波電路設計 Microwave Active Circuit Design 黃凡修 Fan-Hsiu Huang

2. Scope of Course Active Devices (transistor & diode) Passive Components
(transmission line
& lump LC)
Microwave
Communication &
Applications
Concept and Design
of Microwave and Millimeter-wave
Circuits (non MIC or MMIC technology)
Microwave and Millimeter-wave
Subsystem and System

3. Microwave Active Circuit Design
Textbook:
[1] K. Chang, “RF and Microwave Circuit and Component Design for
wireless systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[2] G. Gonzalez, "Microwave Transistor Amplifier Analysis and Design",
Prentice Hall, 1996.
Reference:
[1] David. M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering,” 3rd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004.
[2] B. Razavi, “RF Microelectronics”, Prentice Hall, 1998
[3] 呂學士,"微波通訊半導體電路",全華科技, 2001.

4. Microwave Active Circuit Design
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Passive components and transmission line
3. Microwave transistor and diode
4. Low-noise amplifier and broadband amplifier
5. Oscillator and phase noise
6. RF mixer circuit
7. RF switch circuit
8. Power amplifier
9. IC packaging technology and its concern
10. Microwave related circuits and systems

5. Microwave Active Circuit Design
Prerequisites & Grading Policy
• Prerequisites:
Electromagnetics I & II.
• Grading Policy:
– Homework: 20%
(2 reports for paper review, 4 pages for each, choosing two topics as introduced in this course )
– Midterm: 40%
– Final Project: 40%
(Circuit design and presentation, choosing one of
the papers you studied)

6. Radio-Frequency Bands (1)

7. Radio-Frequency Bands (2)

8. Radio-Frequency Bands (3)
Absorption by the atmosphere in clear weather

9. Microwave Communication System (1)
RF transceiver including passive components
(SAW filter, LC matching network) and
active circuits (switch, PA, LNA, mixer, VGA,
VCO, synthesizer…)

10. Microwave Communication System (2)
Digital RF system
Analog RF system

11. Microwave Communication System (3)

12. Microwave Communication System (4)
Channel access method used by various radio communication technologies.
The methods allow multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system.
TDMA (Time division multiple access)
FDMA (Frequency division multiple access)
CDMA (Code division multiple access)

13. Microwave Communication System (5)

14. Microwave Communication System (6)

15. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
標準名稱
傳輸頻寬（理論/實際）
傳輸距離
使用頻段
普及度
802.11a
54Mbps（22Mbps）
約30公尺
5 GHz 少
802.11b
11Mbps（5Mbps）
約40-50公尺
2.4 GHz 最多
802.11g 多

16. Digital Cellular and Cordless Phone Standards
Multiple
Access
Receive
Frequency
(MHz)
Transmit
Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
Mod.
Scheme
Region
DAMPS
(IS-54)
TDMA/FDMA 30
/4 DQPSK
USA
GSM
200
GMSK
Europe
CDMA
(IS-95)
CDMA/FDMA
1250
BPSK/QPSK
JDC 25
/4 QPSK
Japan
W-CDMA
Emerging
40,000
M-PSK
ISM
TDMA/CDMA/FDMA
10,000
BPSK
DCS-1800
GFSK UK
CT2
FDMA
100
Asia
DECT
1728
PHS
300

17. Specifications for 2G Communication
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
DCS (Distributed Control System)

18. Specifications for 3G/4G Communication
3G/3.5G/3.75G
Distance
(km)
Data rate
(Mbps)
Band
(GHz)
TX peak power
(dBm)
CDMA2000
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
3~12
0.3~2
0.82~0.85
1.92~1.98
2.11~2.17
33/27/24/21
HSDPA
3.6/7.2/14.4
0.85/1.9/2.1 24
HSUPA

19. Specifications for 3G/4G Communication
Distance
(km)
Data rate
(Mbps)
Band
(GHz)
TX peak power
(dBm)
WiMAX e
up to 50
10/30/70
2.3~2.7
3.4~3.7
5.8
33/27/24/21
LTE 3
50/100
0.7~0.86 (FDD)
1.5~2.1 (FDD)
2.3~2.6 (TDD)

20. RF ICs and Modules (1)

21. RF ICs and Modules (1) LDMOS PA for VHF band GaAs X-band PA
SiGe PA for WiMAX
GaN 40 W Class-E PA
SiC 10 W Class-AB PA

22. System on Chip (SoC)

23. Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (1)
Microwave Oven Specification
AC Power: 120 Volts AC 60 Hz (13.3A) 1500 Watts, Single phase, 3 wire grounded
Output Power: 1200 Watts full microwave power (IEC60705)
Frequency: 2450 MHz
Magnetron: 2M GF
Timer: 0 ~ 99 min. 99 sec.

24. Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (2)
77 GHz
Automotive Radar

25. Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (3)
94 GHz MMW image obtained from a scanning radiometer

26. Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (4)
Australian Radio Tele-scope using
an InP amplifier (100 GHz)
THz differential absorption radar

27. S-parameter (1)
Generalized scattering parameters have been defined by K. Kurokawa.
These parameters describe the interrelationships of a new set of variables (ai , bi).
The variables ai and bi are normalized complex voltage waves incident on and reflected from the ith port of the network.
They are defined in terms of the terminal voltage Vi , the terminal current Ii , and an arbitrary reference impedance Zi ,where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate:

28. S-parameter (2)
Limitations of lumped models At low frequencies most circuits behave in a predictable manner and can be described by a group of replaceable, lumped-equivalent black
boxes. At microwave frequencies, as circuit element size approaches the wavelengths of the operating frequencies, such a simplified type of model becomes inaccurate. The physical arrangements of the circuit components can no longer be treated as black boxes. We have to use a distributed circuit element model and s-parameters.

29. S-parameter (3)

30. S-parameter (4)

31. S-parameter (5)

32. Network Analyzer (1)
S22,S21
S11,S12
S11,S21
S22,S12
Vector network analyzer (VNA): The vector network analyzer, VNA is a more useful form of RF network analyzer than the SNA as it is able to measure more parameters about the device under test. Not only does it measure the amplitude response, but it also looks at the phase as well. As a result vector network analyzer, VNA may also be called a gain-phase meter or an Automatic Network Analyzer.
DUT must be measured under a small input power (small-signal operation)

33. Network Analyzer (2) Formats of S parameters Log scale plot Polar
Smith chart

34. Network Analyzer (3)  [S]p,f,n
Large Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA): The large signal network analyzer, LSNA is a highly specialized for of RF network analyzer that is able to investigate the characteristics of devices under large signal conditions. It is able to look at the harmonics and non-linearties of a network under these conditions, providing a full analysis of its operation. A previous version of the Large Signal Network Analyzer, LSNA was known as the Microwave Transition Analyzer, MTA
 [S]p,f,n
p: input power
f: operation frequency
n: harmonic order

35. Network Analyzer (4)
X-parameters are a unified way of describing nonlinear device-under-test (DUT) behavior:
Harmonics
Large signal input & output match
Large signal isolation and transmission

36. Network Analyzer (5)
Sum of the harmonics can transform the frequency-domain
signals into time-domain signals.