1. Chapter 11
Intelligence

2. 1 2 3 4 The Mental Rotation Test Standard Responses
Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks
identical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard
Responses 1 2 3 4

3. Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

4. Measuring Individual Differences
The second part of a credible test is reliability.
Reliability: A test yields the same results over time
-Test-Retest or Split-Half Reliability
Reliable, but not valid
Not reliable, not valid
Reliable and valid

5. Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
driving test that samples driving tasks

6. Adult with high IQ Child with high IQ
Criterion Validity: The behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
Predictive Validity: The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Adult with high IQ
Child with high IQ

7. Assessing Intelligence
Greater correlation
over broad range
of body weights 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Little corre-
lation within
restricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes

8. What is Intelligence? Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

9. So how do we test intelligence?

10. Design your own intelligence test
Develop as few as 3 to as many as 10 questions that accurately measure the intelligence of your classmates. Then try it out!

11. Origins of Intelligence Testing
a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

12. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
-revised by Terman at Stanford University

13. Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
12-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of 75.

14. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
-IQ = ma/ca x 100)
Contemporary test have created a standard sample to compare test results. The average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

15. What is Intelligence? Factor Analysis General Intelligence (g)
Determines primary components of intelligence
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underline one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test

16. What is Intelligence? General Intelligence (g)
Spearman believed that all multiple intelligences could essentially be evaluated by a single kind of intelligence- the “g factor”
Most people who had good verbal skills were also typically successful at solving the novel questions on a general intelligence test.

17. Emotional Intelligence
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

18. Creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas -expertise
-imaginative thinking skills
-venturesome personality
-intrinsic motivation
-creative environment

19. Look up here. You are about to undergo a test
Look up here. You are about to undergo a test. You will have a figure flashed in front of your eyes for less than a second, pay close attention to it.

22. Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Stimulus
Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?

23. Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Changes perspectives- percentage of people diagnoses with mental retardation increased with IQ tests were restandardized.

24. Aptitude Test Achievement Test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned

25. The Wonderlic Personnel Test
Intelligence best known for it’s use on Athletes -Only non-athletic test that affects draft picks for NFL players Try it out for yourself!

26. Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test
subtests
verbal
performance (nonverbal)

27. The Normal Curve

28. Judging Normal
A “normal curve” is applied to test to determine establish “norms.” When a statistically significant sample of the population has been tested, strong conclusions can be drawn.
A normal range for IQ scores is Scores below 70 indicate mental retardation while scores above 130 are considered gifted.

29. Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information
Similarities
Arithmetic Reasoning
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit-Symbol Substitution

30. Getting Smarter?

31. The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by an intelligence score below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

32. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
-computation
-drawing

33. Components of Intelligence
Savant Syndrome: Individuals with remarkable, but rare talent, even though they are mentally deficient in other areas.
Ex. Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man

34. The Dynamics of Intelligence

35. Types of Tests There are two main types of tests:
Objective Tests: Tests that have one set answer, that can be scored easily by machine
Ex. Multiple choice
Subjective Tests: Tests in which individuals are given ambiguous figures or an open ended question which requires some interpretation and analysis.
Ex. FRQs
-Inter-rater reliability

36. Sample Subjective Test
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is one of the most widely known, and inaccurate subjective tests.
No one can agree on how to interpret the results!!

43. Genetic Influences Heritability
Intelligence is partially genetic, but not entirely.
Parents IQ is the best known indicator of how intelligent a child’s IQ will be, but this is not entirely reliable.

44. Intelligent parents tend to have intelligent kids, but those kids are often times given the means to succeed.
The heritability of intelligence is lowest among genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.

45. Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

46. Genetic Influences

47. So if intelligence is partially hereditary, can we take advantage of it?
EUGENICS- Movement aimed to selectively breed intelligent people together in hopes in eventually create a smarter human race.

48. Gifted Programs- are they good?
Good- Encourage achievement in able minded students Bad- Work on intellectual growth of high achieving students while leaving the lower achieving students behind

49. Downside of IQ Testing
Despite its utility, IQ testing had a big downside. Tests ended up reinforcing prevailing prejudices about race and gender.
Ignored was the fact that environmental disadvantages limit the full development of people’s intellectual abilities.
Same problem of NCLB!!!

50. Downside of IQ Testing
Poor nutrition can lead to lower IQ scores Differences in cultural values can lead to differences in IQ scores

51. Environmental Influences
The Schooling Effect

52. Variation within group Difference within group
Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil
Fertile soil
Seeds

53. Group Differences Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

54. Theories of Intelligence
Howard Gardner believed that IQ scores measured only a limited range of human mental abilities. He argued we have seven separate mental abilities he calls the multiple intelligences.

55. Theories of Intelligence
Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"):
Logical-mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart")
Spatial intelligence ("picture smart")
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body smart")
Musical intelligence ("music smart")
Interpersonal intelligence ("people smart")
Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart")