1. Diffusion Process Four main elements

2. Diffusion Process by which a new idea or new product is accepted Process by which a new idea or new product is accepted Rate of diffusion is the speed that the new idea spreads from one person to the next Rate of diffusion is the speed that the new idea spreads from one person to the next Adoption concerns the psychological processes an individual goes through to embrace a new idea Adoption concerns the psychological processes an individual goes through to embrace a new idea

3. Diffusion Is a process by which Is a process by which An innovation An innovation Is communicated through certain channels Is communicated through certain channels Over time Over time Among the members of a social system Among the members of a social system

4. Critical Mass a threshold value of the number of people needed to trigger a phenomenon by exchange of ideas a threshold value of the number of people needed to trigger a phenomenon by exchange of ideas The point after which further diffusion becomes self-sustaining The point after which further diffusion becomes self-sustaining Any process which becomes self- sustaining after some threshold point has been reached Any process which becomes self- sustaining after some threshold point has been reached

5. Popular term Critical mass - amount of fissile material needed to sustain fission Critical mass - amount of fissile material needed to sustain fission Critical mass - a threshold value of the number of people needed to trigger a phenomenon by exchange of ideas Critical mass - a threshold value of the number of people needed to trigger a phenomenon by exchange of ideas Critical Mass - an English environmentalist group Critical Mass - an English environmentalist group Critical Mass -a Dutch Rave/Happy Hardcore group band Critical Mass -a Dutch Rave/Happy Hardcore group band Critical Mass - a turn-based, 2D space strategy game Critical Mass - a turn-based, 2D space strategy game

6. Biking and Critical Mass An event held typically on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world, where bicyclists, skateboarders, roller bladders, roller skaters and other self- propelled people take to the streets en masse An event held typically on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world, where bicyclists, skateboarders, roller bladders, roller skaters and other self- propelled people take to the streets en masse The general philosophy is expressed by a widely used slogan: "We aren't blocking traffic; we are traffic." The general philosophy is expressed by a widely used slogan: "We aren't blocking traffic; we are traffic."

9. Other terms-Flash Mob A group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, do something unusual for a brief period of time, and quickly disperse. Usually organized with the help of the Internet or other digital communications networks A group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, do something unusual for a brief period of time, and quickly disperse. Usually organized with the help of the Internet or other digital communications networks Also used for distributed mobs, who assemble simultaneously in multiple locations Also used for distributed mobs, who assemble simultaneously in multiple locations E.g., Use of mobile phones in the 2005 civil unrest in France to co-ordinate social disruption E.g., Use of mobile phones in the 2005 civil unrest in France to co-ordinate social disruption

10. Smart Mob Is a group that, contrary to the usual connotations of a mob, behaves intelligently or efficiently because of its exponentially increasing network links. This network enables people to connect to information and others, allowing a form of social coordination Is a group that, contrary to the usual connotations of a mob, behaves intelligently or efficiently because of its exponentially increasing network links. This network enables people to connect to information and others, allowing a form of social coordination Smart mobs are result of evolving communication technologies that will empower people Smart mobs are result of evolving communication technologies that will empower people E.g., Internet, Internet Relay Chat, mobile phones and PDAs, change the ways in which people organize and share information E.g., Internet, Internet Relay Chat, mobile phones and PDAs, change the ways in which people organize and share information

11. Collective Intelligence is a working form of intelligence which overcomes "groupthink" and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process—while maintaining reliable intellectual performance. In this context, it refers to robust consensus decision making. is a working form of intelligence which overcomes "groupthink" and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process—while maintaining reliable intellectual performance. In this context, it refers to robust consensus decision making.groupthink E.g. Street protests organized by the anti-globalization movement. E.g. Street protests organized by the anti-globalization movement. The 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks (11M), and the reaction from the people against the government in the Spanish elections of 14 March 2004. The 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks (11M), and the reaction from the people against the government in the Spanish elections of 14 March 2004.11 March 2004 Madrid attacks14 March200411 March 2004 Madrid attacks14 March2004

12. Elements of Diffusion Innovation – any item, thought, or process that is viewed to be new by the consumer Innovation – any item, thought, or process that is viewed to be new by the consumer Communication – the process of the new idea traveling from one person to another or from one channel to the individual Communication – the process of the new idea traveling from one person to another or from one channel to the individual Social System – the group of individuals that together complete a specific goal (adoption) Social System – the group of individuals that together complete a specific goal (adoption) Time – how long it takes for the group to adopt an innovation as well as the rate of adoption for individual Time – how long it takes for the group to adopt an innovation as well as the rate of adoption for individual

13. Types of Innovations Continuous Innovation: A simple changing or improving of an already existing product where the adopter still uses product in same fashion as they had before. E.g., New cars that continues to change and develop Dynamically Continuous Innovation: The innovation is either a creation of a new product or a radical change to an existing one. Here consumption patterns of people are altered some way. E.g., Compact discs. Discontinuous Innovation: A totally new product in market, a big idea innovation. Because the product has never been seen before, there are total changes to consumers buying and using patterns

14. Communication Selective exposure – the idea that an individual will be more susceptible to channels of communication, that already agree with their current attitudes and feelings Selective exposure – the idea that an individual will be more susceptible to channels of communication, that already agree with their current attitudes and feelings Selective perception – the idea that an individual will view new ideas in relation to their old ones Selective perception – the idea that an individual will view new ideas in relation to their old ones Selective retention – the idea that an individual will mainly remember a new idea if directly relates to their own situation or remedy a specific problem. Selective retention – the idea that an individual will mainly remember a new idea if directly relates to their own situation or remedy a specific problem.

15. Social Systems They refer to groups of people that an innovation diffuses through. They have two types of norms: They refer to groups of people that an innovation diffuses through. They have two types of norms: Traditional norms : Less complex technology, low levels of literacy & education, little communication between social system & outsiders, lack of economic rationality, one- dimensional in adapting & viewing others Traditional norms : Less complex technology, low levels of literacy & education, little communication between social system & outsiders, lack of economic rationality, one- dimensional in adapting & viewing others Modern norms : A developed technology with complex jobs, strong importance placed on education, acceptance of free thought and new ideas, and high importance on economic considerations, ability to see and understand other peoples situations Modern norms : A developed technology with complex jobs, strong importance placed on education, acceptance of free thought and new ideas, and high importance on economic considerations, ability to see and understand other peoples situations

16. Time Awareness: Person often stumbles upon the innovation on accident with little incentive to get more information. Or a person to become aware if the innovation fill a particular need Awareness: Person often stumbles upon the innovation on accident with little incentive to get more information. Or a person to become aware if the innovation fill a particular need Interest: Person decides to invest time and energy into finding out more about the innovation, feels good but does not know how useful it is Interest: Person decides to invest time and energy into finding out more about the innovation, feels good but does not know how useful it is

17. Time continued…. Evaluation: Person begins to make a decision about the innovation. How could I use it? Do I really need it? Would it be to my advantage if I had it? Evaluation: Person begins to make a decision about the innovation. How could I use it? Do I really need it? Would it be to my advantage if I had it? Trial: Person tries out for a limited basis. How the innovation can fit into needs and desires. Trial: Person tries out for a limited basis. How the innovation can fit into needs and desires. Adoption: Embraces it for the future. Adoption: Embraces it for the future. Discontinuance: Decision to reject innovation after agreeing to adopt Discontinuance: Decision to reject innovation after agreeing to adopt

18. Exercise-Your use of Internet Recall when you first used the Internet? Recall when you first used the Internet? From whom did you get to know about Internet? From whom did you get to know about Internet? How long did it take for you to be a regular use of the Internet? How long did it take for you to be a regular use of the Internet?