1. Ch. 8 Pg. 216-235

2.  Mestizo—of mixed European and native ancestry  Roots—cultural origins  Arrival of Europeans changed life for indigenous people  Many native people were killed by unfamiliar diseases and warfare  Europeans introduced new population groups

3.  Aymara, Quechua, and Guarani are three largest indigenous groups in South America today  Aymara live in Andes of Peru and Bolivia; herd llamas & alpacas; grow crops such as potatoes and quinoa  Quechua live in the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia; farmers; blend Catholic and native beliefs; weavers  Guarani live in Paraguay; culture represented in Paraguay’s folk art  Munduruku live in Brazil; ancestors farmed, hunted, & fished in rain forest; sell forest products

4.  Language families— groups of related languages  Predominant—main (languages)  Topography— physical features  Languages that South Americans speak come from at least 50 language families  Main languages in South America are Spanish and Portuguese  Creole is a language that results when two other languages are combined together

5.  More than 500 languages are spoken today due to large number of indigenous groups  Mountain ranges and rain forests isolated indigenous groups and kept their languages separate  Some indigenous languages such as Quechua and Guarani are common  Some indigenous languages are endangered

6.  Immigrated— moved permanently  Cuisine—food that is characteristic of a particular place  Roman Catholicism became main religion in South America during colonial period  Roughly 80% of South Americans are Roman Catholic; Brazil has the world’s largest Catholic population

7.  Most Protestants in the region live in Chile and the Guianas and in parts of Brazil, Bolivia, and Ecuador  Candomble combines African spiritual practices with Catholicism  Every country in South America provides public education  Some children may not attend school regularly or may leave early to help earn money for their families

8.  Playing futbol (soccer) or watching a favorite team compete is a popular pastime in South America  South American cuisine varies in different parts of the continent  In coastal countries like Chile, seafood is often a main ingredient  In Uruguay and Argentina, beef is often served  In the mountains of Peru, llamas provide a good source of meat  Stews with black beans, rice, and vegetables are common throughout South America

9.  Prosperous— economically strong  Coup—takeover (of the government)  Ruthless--cruel  In the early 1800s, movements for independence in countries across South America brought an end to colonial rule  South American governments have gone through many changes since independence

10. Argentina  Dictators held power for several decades after independence in 1816  Adopted new constitution in 1850; entered prosperous period until 1920s  Military coups in 1930s and 1943  Juan Peron elected president in 1946 but reforms were expensive and corruption weakened administration  1950s Peron overthrown by military leaders  Since 1980s, democratically elected presidents have faced serious economic crises  Today constitutional government is stable and economy is one of strongest in South America

11. Peru  Gained independence in 1821  Government has shifted between democratically elected presidents and military rule  Many leaders favored wealthy landowners over ordinary citizens  Political instability made economic and social progress difficult  In 2001, first Quechua president, Alejandro Toledo was elected  Toledo’s election demonstrated that Peru’s government could represent all citizens

12. Chile  Declared independence in 1818; has mostly been a representative democracy  Augusto Pinochet acted as a dictator from 1973 to 1990; he was ruthless and no one was allowed to disagree with his policies  Chile returned to democratic rule in 1990  In 2006, first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria was elected; father was killed by Pinochet and she and mother were imprisoned and exiled for opposing Pinochet  Bachelet helped ease poverty, expaned social reforms, and created new employment opportunities

13.  Soybeans—a type of bean grown for food and also for industrial products such as plastics, inks, and adhesives  Fertilizer—a substance added to soil to enrich it  The wide grassy Pampas is South America’s major crop-growing region  Pampas is also the grazing ground for cattle, another valuable export

14.  The Pampas is a large plain that stretches across central Argentina from the Atlantic Ocean to the foothills of the Andes Mountains  Covers nearly ¼ of Argentina’s land area  Spanish and mestizo cowboys (gauchos) herded cattle and sheep on Pampas; modern gauchos continue practice  Cattle grazing takes place in Dry Pampas, dry zone in the west  Agriculture takes place in the Wet Pampas, the humid zone in the east

15.  In the 1980s, soybeans became a valuable crop in Argentina  Soybeans do not need as much fertilizer  Low productions costs and high prices in global markets make soybeans a valuable crop in Argentina  Argentines are among the world’s top consumers of beef  Soybeans are used to make vegetable oil and livestock feed  Soybeans, wheat, corn, flax, and alfalfa are some of the crops grown in the Wet Pampas

16.  Temperate—mild (climate)  Mediterranean climate—the temperate climate along the coasts of southern Europe and northern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea  Diversify—vary  Chile is a long, narrow country bordering the Pacific ocean  Central Chile enjoys a temperate climate that supports an extensive agriculture industry

17.  A Mediterranean climate is defined by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters  Found in southern Australia, southern and central California in the United States, and southern South Africa, and central Chile  Mediterranean climates have similar latitudes; generally 30⁰ S-40⁰ S or 30⁰ N-40⁰ N; lie on western coasts and have similar precipitation patterns because of their coastal positions

18.  Fruits such as grapes, peaches, and apples are grown for export in Chile’s fertile valleys  A thriving wine industry depends on the many varieties of grapes that grow in Chile’s vineyards  Chile has become a major exporter of olives and specialty olive oils  Copper remains Chile’s most valuable export  Growth of agricultural exports since the 1980s helped Chile diversify its economy

19.  Erratic—inconsistent  Export revenue— money earned from exports  Profitable—financially successful  Agriculture and mining are key industries in Peru  Erratic rainfall and rugged terrain make large-scale farming in the mountains difficult  Potatoes, wheat, corn, vegetables, and quinoa grow well for local people and are not exported

20.  Limited cash crops for export include sugarcane, wheat, coffee, and asparagus  Economic activities in the Peruvian mountains include cattle and alpaca ranching  Peru’s most profitable economic activity is mining  Peru is a leading exporter of silver, zinc, lead, copper, tin, and gold  Exports of metals and minerals supply nearly 2/3 of Peru’s total export revenue  In the 1990s, policy changes allowed private ownership of the mines

21.  Private ownership allowed for improvements and upgrades  Existing mines became more profitable and new mines opened  Mining revenues also increased due to an upward trend in world prices for silver, gold, and other metals and minerals since the late 1990s

22.  Foremost—leading  Steel– a strong metal made from iron and other metals  Ethanol—a liquid removed from sugarcane or corn  Biofuel—an alternative fuel made from ethanol and gasoline  Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America  Agriculture, ranching, and fishing all contribute to the country’s economy  Brazil exports bananas, oranges, mangoes, cacao beans, soybeans, rice, cashew nuts, and pineapples

23.  Brazil grows 1/3 of the world’s total number of coffee beans and is one of the leading exporters of sugarcane and raw sugar  Forests in Brazil provide wood for construction, to make pulp for paper products, and hardwood to make fine furniture  Cattle exports include leather and beef; Brazil exports more beef than the United States, Australia, and Argentina  Brazil will use new technology to develop its commercial fishing industry along 4,000 miles of Atlantic coastline

24.  Brazil is a top producer and exporter of iron ore, bauxite (aluminum ore), gold, copper, and diamonds  Oil wells dot Brazil’s coast  Brazil manufactures steel used in automobiles, transportation equipment, and aircraft  Brazil also manufactures computers and electronic equipment  Brazil has produced and exported sugarcane and sugar since the 1500s  Brazil is poised to be a global leader in the production of biofuel made from ethanol

25.  Megacities—cities with more than 10 million people  Slums—overcrowded and poverty-stricken urban areas  Sao Paulo grew from a quiet mission town to a world megacity  Portuguese missionary priests founded Sao Paulo in 1554 and built a mission and a school  In the late 1600s, gold was discovered in the mountains of nearby Minas Gerais

26.  By the mid 1700s, Brazil was producing nearly half of the world’s supply of gold  50 years later, gold deposits were depleted but coffee production became the main economic activity; wealth from coffee contributed to rapid growth in industry and population  Between 1880 and 1900, the population of Sao Paulo jumped from 35,000 to 240,000 due to rural to urban migration and immigration from Asia and Europe  In the mid 1900s, Sao Paulo became the industrial center of Brazil

27.  Manufacturing industries like automobiles and tourism contribute to the city’s economic growth  Slums, or favelas, developed on the outskirts of the city due to the rapid expansion of people who migrated there

28.  Infrastructure—the basic systems that a society needs, such as roads, bridges, and sewers  Venues—locations for organized events  Impact--effect  The International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Olympics; the first time a South American city has been chosen

29.  Rio previously hosted the 2007 Pan- American Games, only open to countries in the Western Hemisphere  These events mean improvements to the infrastructure and venues must be built or updated  Many hope for long- term improvements such as tearing down overcrowded and dangerous favelas to rebuild better neighborhoods  Hosting the games brings construction jobs and athletes and tourists to boost the economy