1. Name of Seminar Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram
VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport
The Ship – Technological Limits
Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

2. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar
Historical development
Limiting factors
Main dimensions
Size and power
Other aspects
Conclusion
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

3. Container shipping started in the 1950s
Name of Seminar
Container shipping started in the 1950s
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

4. Rapid growth of ship size
Name of Seminar
Rapid growth of ship size
first-generation ~1000 TEU
Panamax ~4500 TEU
Post-Panamax ~8000 TEU
Megaboxer >12000 TEU
since 1988
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

5. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar
Historical development
Limiting factors
Main dimensions
Size and power
Other aspects
Conclusion
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

6. Several factors limit ship size
Name of Seminar
Several factors limit ship size
Technical aspects: - limits for main dimensions power “Soft” aspects: - available cargo logistics intermediate storage
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

7. Logistics may pose stricter limits
Name of Seminar
Logistics may pose stricter limits
Questions to discuss:
- Do we have enough cargo to fill larger ships? - Is it more economical to serve different slings? - Do the economies of scale in transport outweigh the costs for dredging, crane infrastructure, etc? - Will the same turn-over time in port be feasible? - ...
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

8. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar
Historical development
Limiting factors
Main dimensions
Size and power
Other aspects
Conclusion
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

9. Building facilities ? Can we build bigger container ships?
Name of Seminar
Building facilities ?
Can we build bigger container ships?
Source: Hansa
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

10. No problem million-ton docks exist... Name of Seminar
Source: Mitsubishi H.I.
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

11. How about locks ? Will they pass through the main shipping routes?
Name of Seminar
How about locks ?
Will they pass through the main shipping routes?
Source: Hansa
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

12. Panama Canal as “bottleneck”
New locks:
lock ship
length m m
width m m
depth m m
“New Panamax”:
TEU

13. “New Panamax” up to TEU
Loa = m < m
B = m < m
T = m < m
all present vessels in Korea have this design
based on co-operative study of GL / HHI

14. No increase in draught – Limits reached
Ship Size in TEU
Draught

15. Offshore ports discussed in media

16. How about cranes ? Outreach ? Will we need new terminals?
Name of Seminar
How about cranes ?
Outreach ? Will we need new terminals?
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

17. Crane Outreach – Limits approached
Name of Seminar
Crane Outreach – Limits approached
No new terminals, but width “limited”
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

18. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar
Historical development
Limiting factors
Main dimensions
Size and power
Other aspects
Conclusion
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

19. Container ships need a lot of power
Name of Seminar
Container ships need a lot of power
Main engine of 8200 TEU container ship:
Max. power: kW
12 cylinder, 160 t/cylinder
Fuel consumption: 230 t/day at 25 kn
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

20. New diesels for bigger ships
Name of Seminar
New diesels for bigger ships
Single engine concept
so far maintained
JIT growth
of diesel engines
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

21. So far just more cylinders added
Name of Seminar
So far just more cylinders added
Single Propeller / 2 Stroke Engine
12 Cylinder
P = kW
n = 104 min-1
m = 2150 t
L = 24,6 m
14 Cylinder
P = kW
n = 104 min-1
m = 2400 t
L = 28 m
16 Cylinder
P = kW
n = 104 min-1
m = 2650 t
L = 31,5 m
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

22. Limits reached for propeller loading
Name of Seminar
Limits reached for propeller loading
Rudder cavitation as consequence of high propeller loading
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

23. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar
Historical development
Limiting factors
Main dimensions
Size and power
Other aspects
Conclusion
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

24. Global strength – No problem
Name of Seminar
Global strength – No problem
Global strength analyses performed by GL
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

25. Slamming loads & whipping – No problem
Name of Seminar
Slamming loads & whipping – No problem
Dynamic analyses performed by GL
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

26. Steel thickness no limiting factor
Name of Seminar
Steel thickness no limiting factor
Welding technology has progressed Ultra-high tensile steels under development
78 mm
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

27. How about stacking containers?

28. Limits reached in practice
ISO standard and GL rules limit stacking More tiers only for lower weight of containers a t per 40‘ container for 10 tier b t per 40‘ container for 11 tier c t per 40‘ container for 12 tier

29. Larger dynamic forces on deck

30. Stacking limits reasonable height
Name of Seminar
Stacking limits reasonable height
~ 7.0 m
34.30 m
3.4 m
67 m from keel to funnel
32.46 m
8 tiers = m
The air draught is not a design paramter for the shipyard. It is a request from the owner
Air draught up to 56.0 m
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

31. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar
Historical development
Limiting factors
Main dimensions
Size and power
Other aspects
Conclusion
Germanischer Lloyd 2008

32. Larger ships technically feasible
Conclusion
Growth of container ships not yet finished
Strength of containers limits height
“Maximum” draught reached
Global strength can be handled by advanced engineering
Twin-engine, twin-screw ships can push power limit
Larger ships technically feasible

33. Thank you for your attention
Name of Seminar ?
The End ?
Thank you for your attention
Germanischer Lloyd 2008