1. Chapter 9 Welcome to Week 1 Day 2c Alcohol
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2. Objectives for Chapter 9
Explain what alcohol is and how it is made.
Explain why people drink alcohol.
Describe how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized in the body.
List the harmful effects of alcohol in the body.
Describe the difference between alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
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3. What Is Alcohol and How Is It Made?
Alcohol is not an essential nutrient
Ethanol is the type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages
Methanol (in antifreeze) and isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) are both poisonous to humans
Ethanol is safe for consumption, but excessive amounts are toxic and can be fatal
Made by fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains (beer) and fruits (wine)
Liquor is concentrated alcohol collected through distillation
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4. Beer
Beer is made from the fermentation of yeast and the natural sugars from grains
Misc 9.1
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5. Why Do People Drink Alcohol?
People drink to relax, celebrate, and socialize
Moderate alcohol consumption may have health benefits: may reduce risk of heart disease
Moderate alcohol consumption: no more than one drink daily for adult women, two for men
Alcohol can increase HDL cholesterol and may make blood platelets less "sticky": less likely to form unwanted blood clots
Health benefits only shown in women ≥55 years of age and men ≥45 years old, not in younger people
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6. Why Do People Drink Alcohol?
Moderate consumption is based on standard drink sizes, which contain about half an ounce of alcohol
A standard drink is one of the following:
12-ounce serving of beer
1.5-ounce shot of liquor
5-ounce glass of wine
Moderate drinkers should pay attention to:
Size of drinks
Frequency of drinking
Abstaining from alcohol for several days, then overdrinking one day is not moderate drinking
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7. What Is a Standard Drink?
Figure 9.1
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8. When a Drink Is More Than a Drink…
Figure 9.2
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9. Practical Nutrition Tips Video: Alcohol Serving
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10. Practical Nutrition Tips Video: Step Up To The Bar
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11. What Happens to Alcohol in the Body?
Alcohol is a toxin, and the body works quickly to metabolize and eliminate it
You absorb alcohol in your stomach and small intestine
Some alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme before it's absorbed
Women are more susceptible to effects of alcohol than men
Have 20 to 30 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase than men, so absorb more alcohol in stomach
Food in stomach slows alcohol absorption
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12. Animation: Alcohol Absorption
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13. What Happens to Alcohol in the Body?
You metabolize alcohol primarily in your liver: one standard drink is metabolized in 1½ to 2 hours
Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde (eventually metabolized to CO2 and water)
The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) also metabolizes alcohol and is revved up when chronically high levels of alcohol are present in liver
Alcohol circulates in your blood until metabolized
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) correlates with amount of alcohol in your breath
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14. The Metabolism of Alcohol
Figure 9.3
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15. Table 9.1
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16. What Happens to Alcohol in the Body?
Effects of alcohol on your brain
Depressant of central nervous system
Slows down transmission of nerve impulses and reaction time to stimuli
Impairs thoughts, actions, behavior
The more consumed, the more areas of brain affected
If enough consumed, activities of brain stem are suppressed (breathing, heart rate), resulting in death
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17. Progressive Effects of Alcohol
Table 9.2
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18. The Brain and Alcohol
Figure 9.4
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19. How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?
Alcohol can disrupt sleep and cause hangovers
Even moderate amount in late afternoon/evening can disrupt sleep cycle
Alcoholic beverages may contain congeners, which contribute to hangover symptoms
Symptoms: headache, fatigue, nausea, increased thirst, rapid heart beat, tremors, sweating, dizziness, depression, anxiety, irritability
Alcohol is a diuretic; can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
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20. How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?
Alcohol can interact with hormones
Interferes with insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose level
Negatively affects parathyroid hormone and other bone-strengthening hormones; can increase risk of osteoporosis
Can increase estrogen levels in women; may increase risk of breast cancer
Affects reproductive hormones and associated with both male and female sexual dysfunction
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21. How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?
Alcohol may lead to overnutrition and malnutrition
Provides 7 calories per gram, contributing to weight gain
Increases fat and weight around stomach
Alcohol calories can displace nutritious foods
Excessive alcohol can interfere with absorption and/or use of protein, zinc, magnesium, thiamin, folate, and vitamins B12, A, D, E, K
Thiamin deficiency affects brain function and increases risk of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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22. Table 9.3
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23. Too Much Alcohol Costs You Good Nutrition
Figure 9.5
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24. How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?
Alcohol can harm your digestive organs, heart, and liver
Excessive amounts of alcohol can cause:
Inflammation of esophagus
Cancers of the esophagus, mouth, and throat
Gastritis and stomach ulcers
Hypertension and damage to heart tissue
Alcoholic liver disease
Three stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
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25. Alcoholic Liver Disease
Figure 9.6
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26. Effects of Alcohol on the Body
Figure 9.7
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27. How Can Alcohol Be Harmful?
Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk
Exposure to alcohol prenatally can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
Most severe form is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Causes physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities
Effects of FASDs are permanent
The only proven, safe amount of alcohol a pregnant woman can consume is none
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28. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Figure 9.8
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29. What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?
Binge drinking, drinking and driving, and underage drinking are forms of alcohol abuse
Binge drinking: consumption of 5 or more drinks by men, 4 by women, in a short time
Increased likelihood of injuries, car accidents, drowning, unplanned sexual activity, death
Associated with sexual aggression, assaults, suicide, homicide, child abuse, and health problems (hypertension, heart attack, sexually transmitted disease)
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30. What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?
Binge drinking (continued)
Can cause blackouts and lead to alcohol poisoning
Chronic drinking can lead to alcohol tolerance
Brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, needing more to get same intoxicating effect
CAGE: screening tool to assess if patients have problem controlling alcohol consumption
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31. Consequences of College Binge Drinking
Figure 9.9
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32. Sloppy Spring Breakers
Discussion Questions
Who should be held responsible in a potentially dangerous situation that involves a visually intoxicated woman and a male who attempts to take advantage of her? (i.e., the bartender, her friends, herself)?
Would you feel responsible for helping a visually intoxicated woman who is seemingly being taken advantage of by a male patron at the bar? How would you react in a similar situation to the ones in the video?
Discuss ground rules or ways to keep friends safe while on spring break if one of your friends gets intoxicated.
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33. Table 9.4
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34. What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?
Drinking and driving: illegal to drive with BAC of 0.08
One drink impairs alertness, judgment, coordination
Underage drinking
Increases risk of violence, injuries, health risks
Can also interfere with brain development and lead to cognitive and memory damage in teenagers
Underage drinking and driving is extremely risky
The earlier in life a person starts drinking, the higher the risk for alcoholism
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35. "Buzzed driving is drunk driving"
Misc 9.8
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36. What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?
Alcoholism is a disease
Four classic symptoms:
Craving for alcohol
Continued drinking despite physical, psychological, social problems
Can't control or limit intake
Dependency on alcohol
Craving, loss of control, and dependency distinguish an alcoholic from an alcohol abuser
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37. What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?
Alcoholism runs in families
Children of alcoholics are four times more susceptible
Environment also has an impact
Influences: home life, habits of family and friends, social pressures, access to alcohol
No cure, but can be treated with:
Medication to reduce cravings
Psychological help and support
Complete elimination of alcohol
Alcoholics Anonymous: 12 steps for recovery and supportive group meetings
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38. What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans states that the following should abstain from alcohol:
Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant
Pregnant and lactating women
Children and adolescents
Those with specific medical conditions, taking certain medications, or operating machinery or driving
Those who cannot restrict their intake
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