1. THE ROARING TWENTIES Unit VIIIA AP United States History

2. Fundamental Question ► Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms and did it reflect its description as “roaring”?

3. Election of 1920 ► Democrats  James M. Cox ► Republicans  Warren G. Harding  “A Return to Normalcy” ► Socialist Party  Eugene V. Debs  Received 913,664 votes despite incarceration

4. Warren G. Harding (R) (1921-1923) ► “A Return to Normalcy.” ► Budget and Accounting Act (1921)  President required to submit annual budget to Congress  Bureau of the Budget ► Emergency Quota Act (1921) ► Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)  Increase tariff rates, especially on industrial goods ► Washington Naval Conference (1922- 1923) ► Scandalous  Teapot Dome Scandal ► Bribes for oil fields  Veteran’s Bureau fraud and bribery  Attorney General bribed by almost everyone ► Harding died in office  Calvin Coolidge assumed presidency

5. Election of 1924 ► Democrats  John W. Davis  Split primarily over KKK support ► Republicans  Calvin Coolidge  Booming economy and conservatism ► Progressive Party  Robert La Follette  Liberal alternative to both parties

6. Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928) ► “The business of the American people is business.” ► Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, 1928  Overall decrease in tax rates ► National Origins Act (1924) ► Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

7. Election of 1928 ► Democrats  Al Smith ► First Catholic major party candidate ► Split the party  Smith’s support for Catholics  Smith’s support for anti- Prohibitionist  Smith’s Tammany Hall association ► Republicans  Herbert Hoover  Ran on continuing economic prosperity and conservative policies

8. Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-1933) ► “Given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon… be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation.” ► Great Depression Begins  Voluntarism  Stock Market Crash of 1929  Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930)  Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)  Bonus Army (1932)

9. “A Return to Normalcy” “The Business of America is Business” ► “A Return to Normalcy”  Dedication and inspiration for Progressive reform waned  World War I reestablished a conservative and isolationist society ► “The Business of America is Business”  A reinvigoration of American business prosperity and consumerism ► Social and Cultural Impact  Urban and Rural divisiveness  Reactions to Conservatism

10. American Consumer Society ► American economy increasingly competitive ► Welfare Capitalism  Real income increased for most workers  Insurance, proft-sharing, worker safety  Decreased influence of unions ► Mass Production  Wide variety and availability of consumer products at affordable prices  Model T  Domestic appliances ► Installment Plans  Credit systems to easily acquire products ► National Advertising  A perception of needing the latest product as proof of productive and successful life ► Automobiles  Inspired development of highway system and transportation infrastructure  Invigorated other industries

11. Consumer Ads

12. 1920s Society Blacks ► White Resentment  Lynchings increased especially in the South ► Universal Negro Improvement Association  Marcus Garvey  Economic solidarity and advancement for blacks  Failed attempt of mass migration to Africa  Inspired black pride and nationalism

13. 1920s Society Immigrants ► First Red Scare and Nativism ► Quota Laws  Emergency Quota Act (1921) ► 3% of 1910 Census  National Origins Act (1924) ► 2% of 1890 Census ► Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1920-1927)  Two Italian immigrants executed for murder despite little evidence

14. 1920s Society Women ► Voting  Usually voted as husbands  Led to politicians to pursue female- friendly legislation and programs ► Employment  Clerical, teachers, nurses, domestic servants  Lower wages and no managerial positions ► Divorces ► Margaret Sanger  American Birth Control League  Established Planned Parenthood ► Flapper Girl  Young women of the Jazz Age  Short hair, short hemline, cosmetics, cigarette

15. 1920s Culture Wars Prohibition ► Eighteenth Amendment and Volsteadt Act  Supported by middle-class progressives and rural Protestants especially in South and West  Generally ignored in urban centers ► Bootleggers/Rumrunners  Smuggling of alcohol  Rise of organized crime ► Al Capone ► Speakeasies  Underground saloons

16. 1920s Culture Wars Ku Klux Klan

17. 1920s Culture Wars Religion ► Fundamentalism  Literal view of Bible; Creationism  Attacked urban lifestyle and culture  Revivalists ► Billy Sunday ► Aimee Semple McPherson ► Modernism  Liberal view of religion  Acceptance and coordination of science and context with faith ► Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)  Law against teaching of evolution in Tennessee public school  Creationism ► William Jennings Bryan  Evolution ► Clarence Darrow

18. 1920s Culture Wars Hero Worship ► Athletes, celebrities, innovators famed for individual accomplishment ► A personification of American individualism  Babe Ruth  Charles Lindbergh ► Fueled tabloid and gossip columns in newspapers and magazines

19. 1920s Culture Wars Entertainment ► Jazz Age  Inspiration of rebellious youth and liberal reaction to conservatism and fundamentalism  Jazz ► Louis Armstrong ► George Gershwin  Speakeasies  Dance Clubs ► Waltz to Foxtrot to Charleston ► Josephine Baker  Flappers ► Radio  Mainstream medium  Networks: NBC, CBS ► Cinema  Talkies ► The Jazz Singer  Nickelodeons  Charlie Chaplin

20. 1920s Culture Wars Literature ► The Lost Generation  Disillusioned by World War I, consumerism, and modernism  Sinclair Lewis ► Babbitt  American culture as conformist and materialistic  Ernest Hemingway ► The Sun Also Rises ► A Farewell to Arms  F. Scott Fitzgerald ► The Great Gatsby

21. 1920s Culture Wars Harlem Renaissance ► Fueled by the Great Migration and inspired by black pride ► Themes challenged racist stereotypes ► “Black is beautiful” ► Langston Hughes ► Zora Neale Hurston ► The New Negro: An Interpretation (1925)

22. 1920s Culture Wars Art and Architecture ► Art Deco  Rich colors, geometric shapes, ornamentation ► Modernism  Expressionism ► Evoke emotional response through distortion  Precisionism ► Inspired by industrialism and modernization evoked through geometric shapes Chrysler Building Aucassin Charles Demuth, 1921 Art Deco District – Miami Beach