1. Sanitizers and Disinfectants

2. Sanitizer reduces to “safe levels”
Disinfectant kills 100% bacteria
Sterilant kills bacteria, endospores, fungi and viruses

3. There are a number of classes of compounds which can be used as sanitizers and disinfectants.
The efficacy of these compounds varies depending upon the environment and conditions it is used in.

4. The selection of disinfectant should be done with care and matched for the job expected.
Properties of disinfectants/sanitizers which need to be considered are:
Non toxic to chicks, embryos and humans when used properly.
Harmless (non corrosive and non staining) to the surfaces which the disinfectant/sanitizer is being applied to.
How application is made (foam, soak, spray, aerosol); formulations of inerts will differ

5. Additionally, the selection of disinfectant should:
1. Be fast acting, even in the presence of organic matter
2. Be effective against all types of infectious agents “broad spectrum” (multiple active ingredients)
3. Easily penetrate the material to be disinfected without damaging or discoloring the material
4. Be easy to prepare and be stable when exposed to environmental factors
5. Be inexpensive
6. Not have an unpleasant odor

6. The effectiveness of the disinfectant/sanitizer is dependent upon a number of factors:
* Absence of organic matter from the area to be sanitized
* The type of surface the sanitizer is applied to (surface porosity)
* The diluent (hard water??) properties that the disinfectant/sanitizer is diluted in to working strength
* The length of time the disinfectant/sanitizer is in contact with the surface to be sanitized

7. * The temperature of the disinfectant solution and surface to be cleaned
* Use of an effective concentration of disinfectant/ sanitizer to ensure proper killing action
* pH, whether high or low, can increase or decrease potency. The optimal pH increases the degree of ionization of the chemical agent which will affect its ability to penetrate the cell
* Compatibility between the cleaners and the disinfectants which are used

8. Labeling of Disinfectants
Is required to kill 100% of the bacteria, molds and viruses claimed on label
Hard surface disinfectant
Testing performed on smooth hard surface, either glass or polished stainless steel
Standard test conditions
10 minutes
20 C.
A disinfectant will not kill bacterial endospores (Clostridium sp or Bacillus sp)

10. Disinfectant Labels Disinfectant can be labeled as:
Limited disinfectant
Agricultural disinfectant
Hospital disinfectant
Efficacy test requirements will differ for each
All may be tested in hard water and in presence of organic load (5% blood serum) but not required to be registered

11. Disinfectant Labels Limited disinfectant
Might be a toilet bowel cleaner which is required to kill gram negative intestinal bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli) but not Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa

12. Disinfectant Labels Agricultural disinfectant Non medical claim
Less stringent than requirements for hospital use
Test for S. aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis (ATTC 10708) and one other pathogen selected by the researcher
Testing against the chemically resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 15442) is not required

13. Disinfectant Labels Hospital disinfectant
Minimum test organisms are S. aureus, S. choleraesuis and P. aeruginosa.

14. Sanitizers Chemical that reduces bacteria to a “safe” level
Two types of claims
Hard surface sanitizer claim for non-food contact surfaces
Requires 99.9% kill of test organisms on a glass slide
Standard test organisms S. aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352)
Pre-cleaner, food contact surfaces
Requires Germicidal and Detergent Sanitizer’s Test which tests S. aureus and E. coli (ATCC 11229) in solution, does not have to be hard surface
99.999% kill in 30 seconds in A.O.A.C. hard water
No soil load used
Thus is less stringent than hard surface sanitizer test

15. Sporocide
Sporocide kills 100% vegetative bacteria and bacterial endospores
Requires exposure of hours, not minutes

16. Certain types of disinfectants/ sanitizers are better suited for hatcheries, others for housing and others for vehicles.

17. Hatchery Disinfectants Used for:
Water
Air
Premise
Equipment
Foot bath

18. To Kill Microorganisms Disinfectants/Sanitizers Require:
Concentration
Time
Temperature
generally higher
cl- & I- volatile as increase temperature
pH - degree of ionization
Diluent (water) properties - Ca or Mg (hardness)
Compatibility of cleaner and disinfectant

19. Chemical Properties Cleaner should be compatible with disinfectant
even thorough rinse will leave some residual
Detergents are of two types, cationic (+ charged) and anionic (- charged)
Generally, cationic detergents are used on food preparation surfaces
anionic detergents are used to launder clothes.
Bacteria cell walls are negatively charged and using anionic detergents would cause microbes to be repelled

20. Chemical Properties
Anionic - molecules have net negative charge (phenolics, cresylics, soaps)
Cationic - molecules have net positive charge (Quats)
Non-ionic - molecules have a neutral charge
If mix strong anionic with strong cationic - form a complex and destroys killing action

21. To Kill Microorganisms Disinfectants Require (cont.):
Humidity (if aldehyde gas)
Surfaces - compatible with surface
cl- & peroxide corrosive on metals
dirt & biofilms protect microorganisms

22. Chemical Properties
Manufacturer should consider when formulating a product
soil load & type
surface (porous, smooth, plastic, soft metal, stainless, etc.)
how application will be made (foam, soak, spray)
pH of soil to be removed (scale is alkaline, so use an acid cleaner)
Safety

23. Chemical Properties Hard Water - EDTA & citrates
Surfactants & wetting agents - better penetration of surfaces and cell walls
Other antimicrobials to enhance control
tributyltin oxide for mold control

24. Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Agents
Reactions that affect proteins (DNA)
Reactions that affect cell membranes
Reactions that affect other cell components

25. Alteration or denaturation of the protein structure occurs when the hydrogen and disulfide bonds are disrupted, resulting in alteration of the functional shape.
This prevents the normal function of the protein to occur.
Permanent denaturation will kill an organism while temporary denaturation only weakens and not kill the organism.
Reactions which denature proteins include the following:

26. 1. Hydrolysis breaks down a molecule by the addition of water with acids or strong alkalis.
2. Oxidation is the addition of a oxygen atom to or the removal of a hydrogen atom from a molecule. Oxidizing agents are electron acceptors, examples are hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate by oxidizing the disulfide linkages or sulfhydryl groups. Sometimes compounds containing halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine) which can also act as oxidizing agents

27. 3. Heavy metals (silver and mercury) attach to sulfhydryl groups.
4. Alkylating agents contain a methyl group (CH3) and donate these groups to proteins, such as formaldehyde will.
5. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine) can replace the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl (COOH), sulfhydryl (SH), amino (NH2) and alcohol (OH) groups.

28. Reactions can affect the cell membrane of the microorganisms because not only do the cell membranes contain protein but also lipids which can be dissolved and thus disrupt the cell membranes.
Surfactants are substances which reduce the surface tension. These substances include alcohols, detergents and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Phenolics are one type of alcohol which denatures proteins but also dissolves lipids.
Wetting agents and detergent solutions will not kill microorganisms but help to dissolve lipids so that other agents can get at them.

29. There are other components such as nucleic acids and energy capturing systems of microorganisms which can be attacked by chemicals.
Alkylating agents can replace a hydrogen, amino or alcohol group in nucleic acids of the microorganisms.
Lactic acid and propionic acid are end products of fermentation and thus prevent energy capture in certain bacteria.

30. Different classes of disinfectants typically found in hatchery
Halogens
Chlorine
Iodine
Quaternary Ammonium
Phenols
Alkylating Agents
formaldehyde
gluteraldehyde
Oxidizing agents
ozone
hydrogen peroxide

31. Different classes of disinfectants normally not used in hatchery
Creosols
Dyes
gentian violet - blocks cell wall synthesis
Heavy metals
silver - silver nitrate
copper - copper sulfate
mercury - merthiolate
Alcohol
Radiation

34. Inerts Propylene glycol Citrates EDTA Propylene glycol Emulsifier
Humectant
Solvent
Cleaning
Fog enhancement

35. Inerts Citrates EDTA Chelates Fe and Ca Reducing agent Soil suspension
Solution clarity
synergism
EDTA
Chelating
Soil suspension
Solution clarity
Synergism
Surfactants
Penetrate
Spread
emulsify

36. Chlorine Features Limitations Broad spectrum
Not affected by hard water
Quick kill
Limitations
Corrosive, poor cleaner
Poor cleaning ability
Affected by pH, organic material, UV and heat
No residual

37. Chlorine Activity (hypochlorite ion and hypochlorous acid)pH
% HOCL
4.0
Almost 100
5.0
99.6
6.0
95.8
7.0
69.7
8.0
18.7
9.0
2.2
10.0
0.2

38. Iodine Features Limitations Broad spectrum (Gram+/-, fungi)
Good acidic cleaner (low ppm for effectiveness, fast acting)
Effective in hard water
Limitations
Corrosive, volatile (very short residual)
Effective only at pH 1-4
Inactivated by organic material, but better than chlorine

39. Chlorine Dioxide Features Limitations Broad spectrum Fast action
Sporicidal
Limitations
Corrosive
Requires activation step
Offensive odor
Limited use after dilution

40. Quaternary Ammonium Features Limitations Odorless
Can be alkaline, neutral or acidic - usually alkaline
Broad spectrum (reasonable)
Good cleaning ability & tolerates organics
Fast kill time
Least corrosive
Cationic
Residual activity
Limitations
Not sporicidal
Interfered by calcium and magnesium, Hard water (EDTA & citrates)

41. Phenolics Features Limitations Tolerate organic matter
Formulated to be alkaline or acidic
Broad spectrum (gram+/-, fungi)
Takes low ppm for effectiveness
Fast acting
Tolerates hard water
Good cleaning ability
Anionic
Residual
Limitations
So-so sporicidal
Eye irritant, can cause staining
odor

42. Hydrogen Peroxide Features Limitations Broad spectrum Sporicidal
Solution or vapor phase effective
Decomposes to water and oxygen
Limitations
Corrosive
Inactivated by heat and organic matter
Use in high concentrations and no residual
Handling hazards

43. Peracetic Acid Features Limitations Broad spectrum, Sporicidal
Effective in presence of organic matter
Decomposes to non hazardous compounds
Solution or vapor phase effective
Limitations
Corrosive to soft metals
Unstable at high temperatures
Irritant

44. Peracetic Acid & Hydrogen Peroxide Blends
Features
Broad spectrum, Sporicidal
Less corrosive that chlorine dioxide
Safe for personnel
Limitations
Ineffective in presence of organic matter
Corrosive
May have offensive odor

45. Saponified Cresylics Features Limitations Kills gram-, not gram +
Good in organic material
Some residual
Fast acting
Cresylics are saponified and safe for most metals and surfaces, may soften rubber seals and some plastics
Good in hard water
Limitations
Strong odor, volatile, irritant to skin and eyes
Takes high ppm for effect