1. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Cardiovascular System

2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of heart and blood vessels Sends blood to Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for nutrients CV system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood 2-31

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Structures Cone-shaped organ about the size of a loose fist Extends from the level of the second rib to about the level of the sixth rib Slightly left of the midline 3-31

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Structures (cont.) 4-31  Heart is bordered: Laterally by the lungs Posteriorly by the vertebral column Anteriorly by the sternum  Rests on the diaphragm inferiorly

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Structures (cont.) Four chambers Two atria Upper chambers Left and right Separated by interatrial septum Two ventricles Lower chambers Left and right Separated by interventricular septum 5-31 Click for View of Heart Atrioventricular septum separates the atria from the ventricles

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Structures (cont.) Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle 6-31 Click for View of Heart

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart Labeled 7-31

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Blood Flow 8-31 Deoxygenated blood in from body Oxygenated blood in lungs Atria ContractVentricles Contract Deoxygenated blood out to lungs Oxygenated blood out to body

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.) 9-31 Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Tricuspid Valve Aortic Semilunar Valve Lungs Body

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pump It Up- Circulatory Rap 27-10

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Heart Sounds One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut Lubb – First sound When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut Dubb – Second sound When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut 12-31

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Heart Sounds http://www.easyauscultation.com/heart- sounds?gclid=CMOerKPY98ACFVJo7Aod0joA-g http://www.easyauscultation.com/heart- sounds?gclid=CMOerKPY98ACFVJo7Aod0joA-g 27-12

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Heart: Cardiac Cycle (cont.) Influenced by Exercise Parasympathetic nerves Sympathetic nerves Cardiac control center Body temperature Potassium ions Calcium ions 11-31

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 15-31 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: __ Tricuspid valve A. Lower chambers of the heart __ Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the heart and aorta __ Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle __ Atrium D. Wall that separates the atrium and ventricles __ Ventricles E. Upper chambers of the heart __ Atrioventricular S. F. Between the left atria and the left ventricle D A E B F C ANSWER:

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles Strongest of the blood vessels Carry blood away from the heart Under high pressure Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Arterioles Small branches of arteries Aorta Takes blood from the heart to the body Coronary arteries Supply blood to heart muscle 16-31

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules Blood under no pressure in veins Does not move very easily Skeletal muscle contractions help move blood Sympathetic nervous system also influences pressure Valves prevent backflow Venules Small vessels formed when capillaries merge Superior and inferior vena cava Largest veins Carry blood into right atrium 17-31

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood Vessels: Capillaries Branches of arterioles Smallest type of blood vessel Connect arterioles to venules Only about one cell layer thick Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary 18-31

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 19-31 Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels Highest in arteries Lowest in veins Systolic pressure Ventricles contract Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries Diastolic pressure Ventricles relax Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge 20-31 What is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries. Good Answer!

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-31 Circulation Arterial system Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood Paired – left and right artery of the same name

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Circulation (cont.) Venous system Carries oxygen-poor blood toward the heart Except pulmonary veins Most large veins have the same names as the arteries they are next to 23-31  Hepatic portal system Collection of veins carrying blood to the liver

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood A type of connective tissue Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets – cell fragments Plasma – fluid part of blood 24-31 Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood Amount depends on:  Size of person  Amount of adipose tissue  Concentrations of ions  Females have less than males Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood Amount depends on:  Size of person  Amount of adipose tissue  Concentrations of ions  Females have less than males

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood: Bleeding Control Hemostasis – the control of bleeding Three processes of hemostasis Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug formation Blood coagulation 25-31

24. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Chest Pain Cardiac Myocardial infarction Angina Pericarditis Coronary spasm Non-cardiac Heartburn Panic attacks Pleurisy Costochondritis Pulmonary embolism Sore muscles Broken ribs 26-31 Take all complaints of chest pain seriously!

25. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Chest Pain (cont.) Determine cause Electrocardiogram Stress tests Blood tests Chest x-ray Nuclear scan Coronary catheterization Echocardiogram Endoscopy 27-31

26. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System DiseaseDescription AnemiaThe blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells AneurysmA ballooned, weakened arterial wall ArrhythmiasAbnormal heart rhythms CarditisInflammation of the heart EndocarditisInflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves 28-31

27. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) DiseaseDescription MyocarditisInflammation of the muscular layer of the heart PericarditisInflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium) Congestive Heart Failure Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries 29-31

28. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) DiseaseDescription HypertensionHigh blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg LeukemiaBone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs MurmursAbnormal heart sounds Myocardial Infarction Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply 30-31

29. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) DiseaseDescription Sickle Cell Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries ThalassemiaInherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein Varicose VeinsTwisted, dilated veins 31-29

30. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved How does this apply to Rehab? Can CV diseases be prevented/reduced? Is there something a rehab career professional can do to promote a healthier cardiovascular system? What vitals reflect the CV system? Sit very still and find your radial or carotid pulse. Record your resting heart rate (60 seconds). Now…. 27-30