1. Review - Communication Process
Part 2 - Listening
Activity – Active listening

2. The Communication Process
Environment
Message Encoded
Message Decoded
Frame of
Frame of L I S T E N R S P E A K R
Noise
Noise
Reference
Reference
Feedback

3. Building Speaker Confidence
Types of Anxiety
Situational – anxiety caused by factors present in a specific speaking situation
Trait – internal anxieties an individual brings to the speaking situation

4. Part 2- Listening
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
List at least two ways in which you can prepare yourself physically and intellectually to listen to a speech.
When you are a listener, how can you encourage a speaker?

5. Part 2- Listening
5 Stages of Listening
1. Sensing
VISUAL
VOCAL
VERBAL

6. 5 Stages of Listening Sensing–
At this stage you listen to what is said (verbally and nonverbally).
Improving your listening reception:
Focus your attention on the speaker’s verbal and nonverbal messages. Avoid focusing your attention on what you’ll say next; if you begin to rehearse your responses, you’re going to miss what the speaker says next.
Avoid distractions in the environment
Maintain your role as listener and avoid interrupting.

7. Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting
VISUAL
VOCAL
VERBAL

8. 5 Stages of Listening Interpreting -
After receiving the message, you process it; you extract the meaning from the message.
Improve your interpreting/understanding:
Avoid assuming you understand what the speaker is going to say before he or she actually says it.
Ask questions for clarification, if necessary; ask for additional details or examples if they’re needed.
Rephrase (paraphrase) the speaker’s ideas into your own words.

9. Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting
3. Evaluating
VISUAL
VOCAL
VERBAL

10. 5 Stages of Listening Evaluating-
Once you’ve received, understood, and have the message in memory, you need to evaluate it.
Resist evaluation until you fully understand the speaker’s point of view. This is not always easy, but it’s always essential. If you put a label on what the speaker is saying (ultraconservative, bleeding-heart liberal), you’ll hear the remainder of the messages through these labels.
Distinguish facts from opinions and personal interpretations by the speaker.

11. Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting
3. Evaluating
4. Responding
VISUAL
VOCAL
VERBAL

12. 5 Stages of Listening Responding –
Of course, a speaker expects a response.
Support the speaker throughout the speaker’s conversation by using (and varying) listening cues, such as head nods and minimal responses such as “I see” or “mm- hmm.”
Own your responses. Take responsibility for what you say. Instead of saying, “Nobody will want to do that” say something like “I don’t want to do that.” Use the anonymity that most social networks allow with discretion.
Avoid being a thought-completing listener who listens a little and then finishes the speaker’s thought.

13. Part 2- Listening 5 Stages of Listening 1. Sensing 2. Interpreting
3. Evaluating
4. Responding
VISUAL
VOCAL
5. Remembering
VERBAL

14. 5 Stages of Listening Remembering –
It would help little if you received and understood the message but didn’t remember it.
Focus your attention on the central ideas.
Avoid focusing on minor details that often lead to detours in listening and in conversation.
Organize what you hear; summarize the message in a more easily retained form, but take care not to ignore crucial details or qualifications.
Repeat names and key concepts to yourself or, if appropriate, aloud.

16. Selecting topic, purpose and central idea
When a speaker is enthusiastic about his or her ideas, how do listeners usually react?
List the six criteria discussed in this chapter for writing a specific purpose statement.
What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea?
Follow these guidelines: (1) Begin the statement with an infinitive (An infinitive is a verb preceded by to—for example, to write, to read). (2) Include a reference to your audience. (3) Limit the statement to one major idea. (4) Make your statement as precise as possible. (5) Make sure you can achieve your objective in the time allotted. (6) Don't be too technical.
specific purpose—exactly what you hope to accomplish in the speech
central idea: the one key idea that you want your audience to remember even if they forget everything else in the speech.

17. Guidelines for Finding a Good Topic
Select a topic that…
Fits requirements of assignment
Showcases your experiences and knowledge
Interests you
You can make interesting and valuable to your audience

18. Defining the General Purpose
Establish a general purpose to help bring your topic under control.
To inform
To persuade
To entertain

19. Defining the Specific Purpose
What exactly to you want to accomplish in your speech?
Topic: Foodborne illnesses
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To tell my listeners how to protect themselves from foodborne illnesses

20. Defining the Central Idea
What exactly to you want your audience to remember from your speech?
Topic: Foodborne illnesses
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To tell my listeners how to protect themselves from foodborne illnesses
Central Idea: Monitoring food temperatures is a great way to avoid foodborne illnesses

21. Narrow your topic Let’s use football as an example: Football
- Explain divisions / conferences
- Explain job of coaching
- Explain history
- Explain artificial vs. natural turf

22. Determine the Main Points
Brainstorm for possible main points
Narrow to 3 – 5 possible main points

23. Brainstorming Activity
Narrow down the following broad subjects to specific, manageable topics:
Outdoor recreation
Musical groups
Illegal drugs
Saving money

25. Understanding Audience Types
Friendly
Heard you speak before
Positive to what you are saying
Sold on your topic
Speaking to the Friendly Audience
Any pattern of organization
Audience participation
Warm, enthusiastic delivery
Verbal and visual supports

26. Understanding Audience Types
Neutral
Consider themselves objective
Open to new information
Looking for logic and facts
Speaking to a Neutral Audience
Problem-solution organization
Controlled, authoritative delivery
Expert, non-flashy verbal and visual supports

27. Understanding Audience Types
Uninterested or indifferent
Short attention span
Wish they were somewhere else
Will be polite but probably will take a “mental holiday”
Speaking to an Uninterested Audience
Three-point or brief organization
Dynamic, entertaining delivery
Humorous, colorful, and powerful verbal and visual supports

28. Understanding Audience Types
Hostile
Predisposed to dislike you or your topic
This audience is the greatest challenge
Speaking to a Hostile Audience
Topical, time, or spatial organization
Calm, controlled delivery
Objective, expert supports; avoid narratives and humor

29. How to Use Audience Information
Determine evidence and emotional appeals
Select visual aids and attention-getters
Improve credibility
Relate topic to audience
Motivate and persuade

30. Timed Speech Activity My car (10 sec)
What you had for breakfast/lunch (30 sec)
Your job (1 min)
What do you want to do when you graduate? (1.5 min)