1. Unit XXVIII, page 129 Pile Fires 1 Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

2. Fire Basics The Fire Triangle Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire 2 Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

3. The ignition temperature for most organic materials is 205 to 400°F (96 to 205°C ). 3 Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Ignition temperature... the temperature at which more heat is generated by combustion than is lost to the surroundings, so that the combustion process becomes self-sustaining (Energy Technology Handbook, Considine). Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

4. Heat Sources in a Composting Pile 1. Biological respiration a) releases heat during biological degradation that is b) driven by compostable material (nutrients), moisture, air and organisms. 4 2. Chemical oxidation a) begins at about 122°F/50°C, b) can be accelerated by heat released during active composting, and c) releases heat during chemical breakdown of organic matter. Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

5. 0 50 30 10 40 20 80 70 60 100 90 32 50 68 86 104 122 140 158 176 194 212 CelsiusFahrenheit Biological Oxidation CO 2 H 2 O Heat 39-172°F Chemical Oxidation CO 2 H 2 O Heat 122-400°F Thermal Oxidation CO 2 H 2 O Heat 205-1850°F OxidatOxidationionOxidatOxidationion RangesRangesRangesRanges Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

6. How does the fire triangle close in a pile of combustible material... spontaneously? Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

7. Simulated Microbial Population Dynamics During Composting Log # CFU's/g 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 Bacteria Actinomycetes Fungi x Temperature Temperature (°C) 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 140°F #5 3-weeks 6-weeks 2-weeks A simulation based on: Beffa, Blanc, Marilley, Fischer, Lyon and Aragno “Taxonomic and Metabolic Diversity during Composting” 1995; Jeong and Shin “Cellulosic Degradation in Bench-Scale Composting of Food Waste and Paper Mixture” 1997; Whitney and Lynch “The Importance of Lignocellulosic Compound in Composting” 1995. Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

8. Oxygen FuelHeat Vigorous bacterial activity drives chemical oxidation accompanied by rising pile temperature >94°C/200°F High porosity in the pile allows an increased supply of oxygen through accelerate convection Combustible material - large high pile (self- insulating) - decreasing pile moisture percent - pile dry spots Self-SustainingFire Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

9. 9 Piles of Compostable Material Curing Pile Enclosed Vessel Static Pile Agitated Bin Turned Windrow Rotating Vessel Fresh Debris (Feedstocks) 3’ Combustible Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

10. Feedstocks and Conditions Most Susceptible to Pile Fires Raw, green feedstocks that may have already begun decomposing, such as a large brush pile. Bark chips if given enough moisture to start biological activity. Large piles of coarse compost, feedstock and screened over-sized material (particle size ~4”), such as bulking material, wood chips and mulch products. 10 Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

11. Allow pile heat dissipation by keeping pile height below 2 1/2-meters (8-9 feet) Keep pile moisture above 40%, and Keep moisture uniformly distributed Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire 11 Monitor pile temperature! Prevention of Fires Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

12. #5 Characteristic Continuum Curve - Temperature Impact Temperature, ° C 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Compost Curing Compost Screening & Refining Compost Storing Feedstock Preparation Composting High Rate & Stabilization Psychrophilic Upper Control Limit Target Lower Control Limit Pathogen and Seed Management @ 55°C+/131°F Composting Process Control Thermophilic 45 - 78°C 113-172°F Mesophilic 25 - 45°C 77-113°F Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

13. Sources of Heat Spontaneous combustion Lightning strikes Cutting torches, welding sparks; vehicle sparks Grinding sparks; shovel sparks; turning sparks Cigarettes Wildfires Arson Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

14. Sources of Fuel Feedstocks and product Compost Curing piles Woody bulking material piles Piles of screened “Overs” Methane Dust Lubricants and fuels Refuse and debris piles Paper-bag packaging materials Office supplies Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

15. Pile Fires To Extinguish Pile Fires 15 Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Reduce pile height to one foot to allow water to get in pile, then Wet down to remove heat Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

16. Question: When a pile fire develops, and the Fire Department is called and arrives on the scene, who is in charge? 16 Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Answer: The law says the Fire Department is in charge of dealing with fires. Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

17. Conclusion: Facility owner/operators should insure Fire Department personnel understand how to deal with pile fires at your facility and firefighters are trained in advance. 17 Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

18. Fires: Site Design Implications 18 Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Provide enough space to avoid exceeding the fire-safe height of piles. Provide access to piles for fire fighting equipment (full perimeter access). Provide access to adequate supply of water. Provide space to spread piles out. Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council

19. End Unit XXVIII Pile Fires 19 Oxygen FuelHeat Self-SustainingFireSelf-SustainingFire Reproduced with permission of the US Composting Council