1. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Seed Research of Oregon Perennial Ryegrass Improvement Dr. Leah A. Brilman

2. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Improving Perennial Ryegrass Gray Leaf Spot Germination with salt stress Winter-active growth

3. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Perennial ryegrass Advantages in mixtures Quick establishment Very dark green color Resistant to different diseases than KBG/TF Endophyte-enhanced Disadvantages in mixtures Overdominate other components Bunch-type growth Reduced stress tolerance

4. Improving Turfgrass Through Research GLS - What me worry? Gray leaf spot in perennial ryegrass –First reported in 1991 Pennsylvania –Epidemics in 1995, 1997 and 2000 in Mid-Atlantic, Northeast and transition zones Verified also in MidWest, New England, now West Large areas of fairways, roughs and athletic fields can be rapidly lost In California both permanent and overseeded turf

5. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray leaf spot Water-soaked lesions Dark colored spots Gray to brown lesions with darker border Twisting, hooked leaves Leaf and plant death Grayish color

6. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray Leaf Spot Fairway CA

7. Improving Turfgrass Through Research GLS in CA 2003-2004 Almost 30 courses with positive diagnoses – mainly perennial ryegrass 1 st epidemic: –August – September 2 nd epidemic –October – November Ryegrass Kikuyugrass

8. Improving Turfgrass Through Research What we know Gray leaf spot spores primarily airborne and spread by mowers, equipment (How did it get to CA?) Gray leaf spot overwinters as dormant mycelium in dead tissue - cold winters can reduce initial innoculum Long periods of leaf wetness under hot conditions favor the disease Initial innoculum builds up under lower temperatures then it explodes Often first occurs in shady, wet areas

9. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Temperature and Leaf Wetness

10. Improving Turfgrass Through Research What we know Initial symptoms are an off-color, wilted appearance Often mistaken for drought stress so irrigation is applied increasing period of leaf wetness = more disease Seedlings tend to be more susceptible than mature plants - could partially be due to maintenance of wet conditions in seedbed High nitrogen makes it worse Primo in spring can make it worse, but not in fall Putting a tarp on a field not a good idea during heat

11. Improving Turfgrass Through Research What we know Fungicide control QoIs - Heritage at high rate good with high disease pressure, Compass at label rate sometimes has reduced control Benzimidazole - Clearys 3336 good at 3 oz except highest pressure Always add in a contact fungicide for spores Resistance already reported to QoIs - switch to fungicide with moderate activity for part of year Best long term solution lies in breeding for resistance

12. Improving Turfgrass Through Research What we know California has four strains of disease - more than Eastern US Appears to indicate longer term presence or multiple introductions Origin of strains uncertain Resistant cultivars show variability in resistance from Eastern US High resistant cultivars still show resistance but highest level may vary One verified incidence in Oregon

13. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray Leaf Spot Resistance Rutgers University - 2002 Trial 1-9, 9 = Best 2002 2002 Cultivar GLS Res. Quality MS1 Comp.8.07.0 Integra C17.05.2 SR 4550 (1557)7.04.3 Integra5.73.3 Amazing5.03.5 Pizzazz4.33.2 LSD@5%1.41.0

14. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray Leaf Spot Resistance Rutgers University - 2003 Trial 1-9, 9 = Best 2003 2003 Cultivar GLS Res. Quality SR 46007.77.2 Panther GLS7.86.9 SR 4550 (1557)6.05.3 Integra C16.06.7 Integra4.04.2 Pizzazz3.83.8 LSD@5%1.21.2

15. Improving Turfgrass Through Research SR 4600 Perennial ryegrass Superior Gray Leaf Spot resistance Excellent wear tolerance due to spreading growth habit Superior Summer stress tolerance Enhanced Winter active growth Fine leaf texture and vivid, dark green color Widely adaptable to differing climates Highest rated wear tolerance Puyallup, WA

16. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Harrier Perennial ryegrass Excellent Gray Leaf Spot resistance High close mowing quality due to upright-growth habit Superior Spring green-up Excellent traffic stress tolerance Fine leaf texture and viivid, dark green color Upright-growth habit reduces stemminess for dense fine- textured turf under close mowing High Red Thread and Brown Patch resistance High seedling vigor for fast emergence and establishment

17. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray Leaf Spot Resistance 2004 NTEP National Perennial Ryegrass Trial Gray Leaf Spot Ratings - Mean of 2 Locations - 2005 Data Disease Rating: 1-9; 9=No Disease Variety MeanVariety Mean Fiesta 49.0Keystone 26.8 SR 46008.8Overdrive6.5 Harrier8.5Pizzazz5.5 Derby Xtreme8.3Palmer III5.3 Manhattan 5 GLR8.3Affinity5.2 Charismatic II GLSR8.2Pianist5.2 Palmer IV8.0Brightstar SLT4.7 Regal 57.8Pinnacle3.3 Revenge GLX7.7 Fusion7.3LSD Value1.1 Buena Vista7.2

18. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray Leaf Spot Resistance 2004 Perennial ryegrass NTEP Gray leaf spot - Rutgers University

19. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Ryegrass and GLS Further studies and needs Pyricularia grisea (Magnaporthe grisea) can rapidly change races Currently unknown number of races in US Do resistance genes work against all current races? Some variability in results from seedling trials in NJ and mature plants in MD - high resistant types remain resistant New germplasm sources - many resistant genes from European collections Genetic studies currently being done

20. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Ryegrass and GLS Current and future buying decisions Varieties take two years to get some production started, three years for maximum production Current varieties with good resistance in last NTEP SR 4500, SR 4220. SR 4350, Racer 2, Calypso II Varieties with improved resistance in production SR 4550, SR 4600, Peregrine, Harrier Varieties available next year SRX 4692, SRX 4682, LCK

21. Improving Turfgrass Through Research

22. Perennial ryegrass Gray leaf spot is not only characteristic - other goals Salt tolerance for effluent use, rapid blight resistance Wear tolerance Rapid establishment - Best species for establishment during play Winter-active growth for many uses Daylength-dependent dwarf types less suitable Heat, drought and cold tolerance Decumbent, spreading growth - superior in Europe for repair Reduce nitrogen requirements Quick transitioning

23. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Headstart II Perennial ryegrass Excellent winter color and winter active growth Superior Spring green-up Excellent traffic stress tolerance Fine leaf texture and vivid, dark green color High Red Thread, Pythium Blight and Brown Patch resistance High seedling vigor for fast emergence and establishment

24. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Firebolt Perennial ryegrass High performance under “Schedule C” homeowner High turf quality in Transition zone Excellent performance in PNW - low light intensity Excellent performance Mountain West Very Dark Green Color, fine leaf texture Superior red thread resistance Good brown patch resistance

25. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Salt tolerance in ryegrass Tolerance during seed germination May be different than tolerance as adult plants Important to aid establishment - especially in overseeding Temperatures shown to have an effect Different salts - we use artificial sea salt Studies with barley looking for genes suggest relationship to ABA synthesis High varieties in our trials also show high adult salt tolerance and rapid blight resistance

26. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Germination with salt

27. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Germination with salt

28. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Germination with salt

29. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Salt tolerant and other ryes STR 4PSLT - plants from salt screening planted and rouged for uniformity, color and yield. Has germplasm from Penguin plus SR 4420, 4220 and Hawkeye. Planted fall, 2005. STR 4TPC - Progeny of survivors in very heavy salt at TPC Scottsdale. STR 45AB - Winter-active material. STR 4QTR - Quick transitioning ryegrass

30. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Gray leaf spot resistant ryes Peregrine - 1st cycle - certified seed SR 4550 - 2nd cycle - certified seed SR 4600 (SRX 4SP) - Certified this fall - brown patch resistance, lateral spread, highest turf quality Harrier (SRX 4UP3) - Certified this fall - stress tolerant, high turf quality SRX 4682 - Certified next fall - Hawkeye II, high gray leaf spot resistance SRX 4692 - Certified next fall - SR 4220 der. LCK - Certified next fall - High brown patch and GLS

31. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Why overseed with different species? Use mixtures for genetic diversity Resistance to diseases and stresses Color contrast Improved transition Improved quality Smaller seeds Potential cost savings

32. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Velvet Bentgrass - Overseeding Very small seed size (best for ultradwarfs) Best putting surface Highest wear tolerance, high density Medium establishment Germinates well at low soil temperatures Medium dark green – Mixes well Best low light or shade tolerance Excellent Spring transition

33. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Velvet Bentgrass - Overseeding SR 7200 Velvet bentgrass Creeping bentgrass

34. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Labyrinthula on Poa trivialis in SC Why overseed with different species?

35. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Fine fescues - Overseeding Very fine with stiff texture Good wear tolerance Winter-active growth Improved transition with high quality Rapid germination - Chewings and red Resistance to Labyrinthula fungus Medium seed size

36. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Fine fescues - Overseeding High salt tolerance Color and texture contrast Increase genetic diversity of mixtures Mixtures with perennial ryegrass, bentgrasses, Poa trivialis Seeding rates (alone) - Do not mow too soon Greens 25 - 30 lbs./1000 sq. ft. Tees 20-25 lbs./1000 sq. ft. Fairways 10-15 lbs./1000 sq.ft. - Excellent

37. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Chewings Fescue Strengths –Rapid germination - close to perennial ryegrass –Winter-active growth –Heat tolerance - improved cultivars –Tolerant of low height of cut - most improved cultivars –Shade tolerance –Recent studies on low maintenance fairways in WI, MN and IL showed highest performance by Chewings –WI NTEP Fairway Trials with wear applied Chewings fescue was highest ranked –Good summer patch, leaf spot resistance

38. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Chewings Fescue Where to use –Fairways - Northern United States, PNW, Coastal CA –Fairways - Overseeding blends with perennial ryegrass –Roughs - Northern through transition zone. How to use –With all bentgrasses for divot repair or greens repair –Low maintenance fairways –Roughs - shaded, ornamental seedheads –Overseeding blends - better transition, fine textured –In blends with Kentucky bluegrass for fairways/roughs

39. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Slender Creeping Red Fescue Strengths –High salt tolerance –Resistance to rapid blight –Short rhizomes for repair –Tolerant of short cutting heights for fairways –Improved ones with high heat tolerance –Excellent fall, winter and spring color –Extensively used in Europe for fairways. European types have less heat tolerance, higher density, low seed yields. –Short growing height

40. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Slender Creeping Red Fescue Weaknesses –Brighter green color - not as dark green –Limited number of cultivars with endophytes –New cultivars tolerate heat in Central Valley of California - others not enough heat tolerance for some areas –Most cultivars with good resistance to leaf spot and red thread, but poor resistance to dollar spot and summer patch. Newest cultivars improved resistance to all diseases.

41. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Slender Creeping Red Fescue Where to use –Fairways - areas with salt problems overseeding blends and permanent turf in cool season areas –Greens and tees for overseeding in salt areas - used for permanent greens in UK –Roughs - mown and unmown. –Important component in links style blends –Besides parking lots, roadways where salt is used How to use –Blends with other fine fescues, colonial bentgrass, bluegrass and perennial ryegrass

42. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Dawson slender creeping red fescue Perennial ryegrass

43. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Transitional Ryegrass Percent Cover Annual, Transitional, Perennial + mixtures. Seeded Feb. 20, 2004. Puyallup, WA. TreatmentMarch March April April April April 12 25 2 9 16 22 Axcella AR 26.7 50.0 68.3 91.7 98.3 100 Transeze TR 23.3 48.3 70.0 90.0 95.0 100 PR Blend 8.3 23.3 53.3 53.3 76.7 95 TR + PR 21.7 38.3 70.0 85.0 100 100 AR + PR 25.0 43.3 71.7 90.0 98.3 100 LSD@5%LSD@5% 10.2 12.7 11.7 24.9 0 0 Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WADr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon

44. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Transitional Ryegrass Strengths –Very quick establishment –Less expensive seed –Lasts only one to two seasons –Germination and growth at cooler temp. –Moderate green color –Less mowing requirement than annual –Does not overdominate mixtures –Can be used with Kentucky bluegrass as nurse grass

45. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Transitional ryegrass PR TR AR PR/TR

46. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Transitional Ryegrass Weaknesses –Poor mowing quality in spring –Lighter green than current perennial ryegrass varieties –Low salt tolerance as mature plants –Germination excellent with salts Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WADr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon

47. Improving Turfgrass Through Research Transitional Ryegrass Where to use –Overseeding south –Nurse crop north How to use –Overseeding - to improve transition –Nurse grass –Repair during colder times of the year Dr. Gwen Stahnke - Washington State University Puyallup, WADr. Leah A. Brilman - Seed Research of Oregon